Feel free to contact us anytime during business hours, we would love to hear from you! 0000144084 00000 n Figure 1 - Basic structure of turbine flow meters. VDI Class 4 would more typically be stated in the US as 2.5% to 4% of Full Scale (FS), as this is the actual accuracy range assigned to Class 4. 32 Sometimes the accuracy will be stated specifically as an accuracy class. This describes the ability of a flow meter to indicate the same value for an identical flow rate on more than one occasion. Typical magnetic flow meter accuracy is from 0.2% to 2%. 0000008465 00000 n Typical ranges can be from 1.6% to 5%. In a word, no. %PDF-1.5 % A low inertia lets the turbine reduce speed together with the flow. Lets visit each in detail and clarify the unique meaning of each term. Certain technology types will not work in certain applications and certain types of flow meter technology may be overkill for your application and your budget. Generally, it is common practice to install a strainer upstream to a turbine flow meter for protection against particulates. While the importance of resolution may not seem as obvious as accuracy and repeatability, it does come into play. 19 0000144680 00000 n If you install an instrument that only can only give you a reading to the nearest 1 PSI, then that instrument will not deliver enough resolution for you to accurately know what the true reading is, as the instrument is, in essence, rounding up or down. The unit has optional temperature compensation which makes adjustments to the flow calculations as needed with temperature fluctuations. If your data is unreliable, if you get different numbers under the same circumstances and setup, there is no way those numbers can all be accurate. As said before, although you dont want an inaccurate flow meter, not all applications require high amounts of accuracy. KOBOLD USA is a subsidiary of KOBOLD Messring GmbH, a world-leading instrumentation engineering business founded in Germany in 1980 by Klaus J. Kobold. 4 If the accuracy is calibrated 1% of 200 ln/min then the error is 0.01 x 200 ln/min = 2 ln/min. ), ( 2Zx F`V""& ), ( Thermal mass flow meter accuracy is usually not quite as high as Coriolis, Magnetic, Ultrasonic, and Vortex flow meter technology, but still offers an above average accuracy which typically ranges from 1% to 3%. Would you like to receive the latest news about trends in flow control? h[:A`)*KwZ [Nx4`0a[@EF%4&W4-="$=Y3[,e# It is very important to select a flow meter with sufficient range for the application.

turbine helical flowmeter blade metering meter Where do I find the instruction manuals of my instrument? 0000046706 00000 n 0000001549 00000 n Flow rate can be determined based on the turbines rotation rate once it becomes steady. Magnetic flow meters deliver high accuracy for conductive liquids. VDI specifically applies to variable area flow meters and is assigned by the VDE/VDI Guideline 3512, where a range of accuracy is designated to each accuracy class. Lets start with explaining what these two parameters mean: In general it can be said; the lower the percentage, the more accurate your flow meter. Shielded with PFC Female Straight Conn. (Mil-E-Qual 2#16-10SL-4) - (11016-02), TI 10' - 22 avg.

3v Unique Technology | Similar to Vortex Meters | Special Design for Wet Gases | Low Maintenance | High Longevity | Up to 3,500 CFM | Up to 360 PSI | Up to 248 F | ANSI Flanges, New Revolutionary Technology | Highest Accuracies for Low Flows | Superior Vibration Resistance | High Temperature Capacity | Rugged Stainless Steel Build | Up to 5,800 PSI, Innovative| Economical | Fully-featured | Compact | Flow & Temperature Measurement | IO-Link | High Turndown Ratio | Bidirectional | Switch, Transmit, Batch | 2 Configurable Outputs, High Flow Rates | Liquids, Gas, or Steam | Flow, Density, and Temperature Measurement | Precision Batching | High Accuracy | NPT or ANSI Connections | Exotic Materials, Made in the USA | Direct Reading Oil Scale | For Higher Viscosity Media | Easy Installation | Up to 175 PSI | Up to 212 F | NPT Threads | 0.0321 GPM | Optional Switches. So it is important to do proper flow study for your application to enable you select a flow meter technology with the sufficient turn down to meet the range of flow rates expected for your application. For best results in calibration, test your meter under conditions that are as close to normal operating settings as possible, keeping the flow composition, rate and temperature substantially similar. For example, some flow meters require straight, uninterrupted pipeline with no impediments, bends, or valves so much distance before and after the flow meter. In a sense, it is the smallest part of whatever scale is being used. 6 Our DOG oscillation flow meter for gases delivers an accuracy of 1.5%. sales@bronkhorstusa.com. Selecting the right flow range requires a diligent and holistic study of the maximum, normal and minimum flow that is required for a given application. ), ( When choosing a flow meter, it is helpful to understand exactly what level of accuracy the flow meter will deliver. As the fluid flows through the pipe, the rotor spins at a speed which is proportional to the fluid's velocity. Bronkhorst High-Tech BV the leaders in Mass Flow Meter / Mass Flow Controller technology for gases and liquids, Pressure Controllers and Evaporation Systems. The KOBOLD brand name became synonymous with superior quality and technological advancement in instrumentation engineering. Shielded with PFC Female Straight Conn. (Mil-E-Qual 2#16-10SL-4) - (11016-01), TI 24 - 22 avg. Universals products are characterized by a simple and robust design backed up by high customer service and dedication to quality. Check out our beginners' guide. Follow us on Twitter@Flow_metrics. At best, the recorded flows below 600gpm are inaccurate - at worst they are not recorded at all, and are lost. Paddle wheel flow meter accuracy is somewhat average as it typically ranges from 2.5% to 5%. xref To verify that the meter is operating within the factory stated specification you can do the following. A high inertia would keep the rotor spinning fast even after flow had decreased, leading to inaccurate results. In this section you will find an overview of the main markets for our equipment, illustrated with some typical examples of applications. Come and visit our blog at https://flowmetrics.com/blog/. But if it is 5 degrees off every single time, calibration can come into play and turn a highly repeatable instrument into one that is highly accurate after the identified and consistent degree of separation from the actual temperature is accounted for. 12 A typical range is 1.5% to 5%. How accurate your meter needs to be is important when selecting a flow meter, because usually the more accurate a flow meter, the higher the price. HMo0. Based on our experience, innovation and sense of responsibility, a relationship with Bronkhorst assures Performance for Life. ), ( Shielded with PFC Female Straight Conn. (Mil-E-Qual 2#16-10SL-4) - (11016-10-WP), TI 20 - 22 avg. Their technology types do not contain moving parts that experience wear or tear which can equate to lower maintenance and a longer service life.

In other words, a flow meter should produce the same readings when operated under the same variables and conditions. endstream endobj 294 0 obj <>stream Turbine meter measurements can be affected severely by factors such as flow profile, temperature and flow rate and content. It is not helpful if the flow meter is highly accurate only once in a while. Q = 1000001000/(100060) = 1666.67 lit/min When accounted for, in relation to the value being expressed by the meter, it gives you the range that the actual value falls between. Since the turn down of the Orifice meter is 4:1, this means that at flow rates between 600gpm and 2,400gpm the flow meter can still meet its claimed or stated accuracy. A flow meters specifications are pivotal elements in choosing which flow meter is right for your application. If the meter is being used to measure liquid volume in the range 0 100gpm but with a calibrated span of 200gpm and an upper range limit(URL) of 400gpm then we can determine the errors at 100%, 50%, 25% and 10% of the flow range as: At 100% of flow, Error = 0.01 *200 = 2gpm = 2% Rate, 50% of flow, Error = 0.01*200 = 2gpm = 4% Rate, 25% of flow, Error = 0.01*200 = 2gpm = 8% Rate, 10% of flow, Error = 0.01*200 = 2gpm = 20% Rate. 0000001325 00000 n The basic structure of turbine flow meters includes a bladed rotor axially suspended in the pipe. Increased sensitivity allows for the precise measurement of even extremely low flow rates in some models. These meters can handle a temperature range of-450 F to +450 F, making them ideal for extreme temperature applications. 278 0 obj <> endobj Imagine that you have a process that demands that you know down to the tenth of a PSI to operate correctly. Clamp-on ultrasonic flow meters are ideal for this application because they are simply strapped to the existing pipeline and there is no system shut down or cutting into pipes. Our team of expert engineering staff is ready and waiting to provide you free assistance in finding the best solution for your application. Not accommodating for those needs can cost you significant accuracy.

As shown from this example, while the error is constant at any given flow, the error expressed as a percent of flow rate increases with a decrease in flow rate. 0000005009 00000 n

Another way in which flow meter makers have reduced inaccuracy is by reducing the rotors inertia. For the Turbine meter, minimum flow = 10% of maximum flow = 240gpm, For the Coriolis meter, minimum flow = 1.25% of maximum flow = 30gpm. A plot of % R error against flow gives the graph below: The error in the measurement of flow rate when the accuracy of the meter is stated as a percent of calibrated span can be determined by: Consider a flowmeter with a stated accuracy of 1%CS. Accuracy is the most common term and is sometimes used incorrectly. In 2021, Universal Flow Monitors was acquired by Dwyer Instruments, a global leader in the design and manufacture of innovative sensors and instrumentation solutions for the IAQ, building automation, and process automation markets.

The error in the measurement of flow rate when the accuracy of the meter is stated as a percent of full scale can be determined by: Consider a flowmeter with a stated accuracy of 1%FS. Malfunction may occur as a result of regular wear and tear, impact by debris, corrosion or buildup of dirt or viscosity. N`>=6v%uo#H9m=xf?5zXUsQBWKc'" fx9^8+`k/ h But it isnt acceptable if you are mixing pharmaceuticals for consumption or volatile elements. 0000004845 00000 n Typical error levels can be as low as +- 0.5% of measured flow rate. The rate of rotation is typically picked up by electronic coils that are connected to the meters housing, and then turned into readings that can be accessed by the user.

0000074146 00000 n VDE/VDI accuracy classes are not the only way to state flow meter accuracy. In an ideal world, the flow rate reading from your process instrumentation would be perfectly correct, with no type of deviation. Flow meters are very popular devices that help to determine the quantity of fluids through pipes at any given time. Magnetic flow meters, ultrasonic flow meters, and positive displacement flow meters generally deliver higher accuracy than flow meters that employ a more mechanical means of measurement like variable area flow meters. 0000008877 00000 n For example, if you choose a flow meter that requires full pipes and no bubbles to operate correctly and you run the pipe half full and it has bubbles and foam, it will not deliver the accuracy that it is built to. Differential pressure orifice flow meter accuracy is generally not as high as some other technology types but delivers significant advantages for particular application fields. !d(v:&|b7g| MJz$d;dVc%/(3Q!s1}&f%hkFy|oF{I#UBqS;XA9T-Li5n:3%3 wQd@{eA@4'-WnVO8Rn

), ( Our vast in-stock inventory and expedient delivery capabilities are due to our investments in cutting-edge manufacturing, and our network of dedicated facilities and partners. 0000144846 00000 n For reference, the accuracy ranges for the VDE/VDI classes are below. Their exceptional accuracy makes them ideal for applications requiring precision like custody transfer. t '=2iYN4W]-m`7\l*x/2RI+S08)w~9,38SHhmpa/L!!lvPqrO '12 0000003210 00000 n To learn more about each technology type and how they operate, visit our What is a flow meter article.

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More than likely, the actual flow rate is somewhere in between 0.9 GPM and 1.1 GPM. Customer satisfaction, innovation and quality of product and service have been the cornerstones of Bronkhorst's success. Shielded with PFC Female Straight Conn. (Mil-E-Qual 2#16-10SL-4) - (11016-10), TI 10 Weatherproof - 22 avg. Faster & Semi-continuous dosing System availability Risk reduction, window.dojoRequire(["mojo/signup-forms/Loader"], function(L) { L.start({"baseUrl":"mc.us18.list-manage.com","uuid":"21452a8c3f34506392fbc26d4","lid":"6d449f57a3","uniqueMethods":true}) }), 57 South Commerce Way This is not desirable because at low flow, the errors become considerable. It got its start as a family-owned business making variable flow switches for the automotive industry and today services concrete, defense, chemical processing, mining, wastewater, energy, electronics, laboratories, medical, and many other industries. Shielded with PFC Female Straight Conn. (Mil-E-Qual 2#16-10SL-4) - (11016-20), TI 20 Weatherproof - 22 avg. There are many elements of an application that can affect whether or not a flow meter delivers the factory stated accuracy. With patented technology and superior service, the company quickly established itself as one of the global leaders in sensor and control systems with high quality products. There are many different flow meter technologies, and each type delivers different accuracies than other technology types. Clamp-on ultrasonic flow meters can be rented by certain companies for this purpose. In addition to regularly scheduled inspections, check your meter in the event that you are receiving inconsistent or unusual readings that cannot be explained by actual variations in the flow. Cryogenic flow meters, monitors, and accessories. Ho0+a8 HUKV!iZtE"0kwLD`}{{:bO @EiP.H 8iRL {xt|Y<2? "0SB+8Qgedw\VkywIC|N7i33 KAe' Pjw Strainers installed near the meter can help protect the turbine from debris that could damage it. 0000007834 00000 n

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The 0000004163 00000 n Our sales engineers are available to help you find the best solution for your application for free. 0000007191 00000 n If you need very high accuracy you can have a Coriolis mass flow meter, if high accuracy is less important, you may need a Constant Temperature Anemometry(CTA), like the MASS-STREAM series, or other sensor type. Coriolis flow meter accuracy is among the highest for flow meter technologies. 11 Not adhering to these requirements will cause your accuracy to suffer as the meter cannot properly function under those flow conditions. Accuracy +/- 0.5% of rate Effective range and Rangeability are alternative terms used to describe meter turn down. One of the limitations of turbine flow meters is the fact that they have to be used only with clean, low-viscosity, non-corrosive fluids. However, these are not appropriate for many applications because they are extremely expensive, usually large, and are complete overkill for most applications. %%EOF Specifically engineered to meet the strict standards required for custody transfer, the High Accuracy Meter delivers +/- 0.5% or better accuracy and +/- 0.1% repeatability for low viscosity applications. Ultrasonic flow meter accuracy is quite high. Turbine flow meter is a widely used flow measuring device, used in a wide range of industries for both liquids and gases.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'enggcyclopedia_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',112,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-enggcyclopedia_com-medrectangle-3-0')}; Turbine flow meters have the ability to measure wide range of flows. In a sense, the instrument delivering a resolution of 1 PSI will not be accurate or finite enough for your process, even though it may be accurate in its actual reading. Because the flow can continue right through the turbine, there is little pressure loss and speed can remain fairly high. 0000002945 00000 n Shielded with PFC Female Straight Conn. (Mil-E-Qual 2#16-10SL-4) - (11016-20-WP), Learn more about this technology, the manufacturers, the users and the applications here, 1755 East 9 Mile Road, Hazel Park, MI, 48030, US. endstream endobj 293 0 obj <>stream USA - Bethlehem, PA 18017 error in the measurement of flow rate when the accuracy of the meter is Vortex flow meters can also deliver high accuracy. A plot of % R error against flow gives the graph below: As revealed by the graph, the % Rate Error between the range of low flows and high flows remains constant. However, this also depends on the specification of either FS (Full Scale) or Rd (Reading). The most accurate flow meters are Coriolis mass flow meters. ), ( This is accuracy. While it may seem like it may be advantageous to gravitate towards the technology types that deliver extremely high accuracy, those meters may have technological principles or other limitations that do not work with your needs. Some meters are simple enough that they can be easily repaired by the end user while others must be sent back to the factory to be repaired.

For example, a variable area flow meter may be listed as having an accuracy class of 4 according to VDI. API Standards for Pressure Relieving Systems, Pressure Vacuum Relief Valves at Atmospheric Fixed Roof Tanks, Pressure Relief Valve Sizing Calculations Blocked Liquid Discharge, Turbine meters are able to operate under a wide range of temperatures and pressures, Most effective in applications with steady, high-speed flows, Require constant backpressure in order to avoid cavitation, Accuracy adversely affected by bubbles in liquids, A straight run of pipe upstream and downstream the turbine meter needs to be installed to allow homogenisation of the flow pattern. Variable area flow meters, also known as rotameters, deliver a wide variety of accuracies, depending on the individual flow meter. HMK0gl^f0u*#9ib$MNpq$W;" r$W%n-xs(DK5TNv$7;mEqUv)kXp|%`eIpsuv'"k 8A+e[;%e"]gFi;[H$;;Jyd;HQD(ZuR&VS3K?#CW {a With Full Scale, the error remains the same but the percentage changes as the flow goes up and down the flow range.

Make sure that you are aware of the calibration needs of your meter and adhere to the maintenance schedule. The TM Series Liquid Turbine ow meter is a highly- versatile product line that offers all stainless steel, precision- machined components with CD4MCu steel rotors. This section will guide you to the relevant service & support topics.

Failure to do this will introduce considerable errors especially at low flow rates. Problems may also happen if your meter is calibrated incorrectly or was not properly installed. Some types of turbine meters are also able to measure and record variations in flow with a high degree of precision. Specifically engineered to meet the strict standards required for custody transfer, the High Accuracy Meter delivers +/- 0.5% or better accuracy and +/- 0.1% repeatability for low viscosity applications. Typical vortex flow meter accuracy ranges from 0.7% to 2.5%. For example, lets say that your magnetic flow meter is showing a result of 1 GPM, with an accuracy of 10%. 10 5

Flow meter accuracy determines how precise or correct flow measurements are to the actual value or flow rate and is used to determine the suitability of the flow meter for a particular application. <<778A38980D3C404FADA576DDB0D9F9C9>]/Prev 605651>> Required fields are marked *. This, too, is expressed as a percentage. Typical Coriolis flow meter accuracy ranges from 0.1% to 0.5%. 0000144337 00000 n KOBOLD tests their flowmeters for accuracy verification before shipping them to the customer. While accuracy usually takes the spotlight in the measurement world, repeatability is the foundation on which accuracy rests. A fixed roof tank faces the risk of rupture whenever = Fluid density Regular inspection and calibration is essential to keeping a turbine flow meter accurate. If the flow is 100 ln/min, the error is still 2 ln/min or 2%, a much bigger percentage. Certain flow meters require that the flow profile in the pipe be uniform and non-turbulent. This problem of considerable errors at low flow rates due to insufficient turn down is particularly worst for differential pressure flow meters where flow is proportional to the square of pressure. Q : flowrate in lit/min 0000154312 00000 n Use or rent a flow meter with markedly better accuracy than the one that you have and compare the readings from the far more accurate flow meter. The TMC Series cryogenic turbine flow meter has an all stainless steel body and shaft, with a nickel rotor in all available line sizes. Turndown ratio for turbine flow meters (i.e. ), ( Datasheet Flow Meter Accuracy & Repeatability. 0000074216 00000 n Typical ultrasonic flow meter accuracy ranges from 0.7% to 1%. The more common ways the accuracy of a flow meter can be expressed are as follows. 5 Signs Your Flow Control Equipment Needs An Upgrade? How a Current to Pressure Transducer Works, Common Symbols Used in Process and Instrumentation Diagrams, How to Measure Electric Motor Insulation Resistance, How to Test 3-phase AC Motor Windings with an Ohmeter, How to Read Torque Speed Characteristics of AC Motors, Instrument Abbreviations Used in Instrumentation Diagrams, How to Convert Thermocouple Milivolts to Temperature, Principles & Formulas for Flow Measurement, 2009 - 2022 instrumentationtoolbox.com. 0000004982 00000 n Butno one wants an inaccurate meter, but not all applications require high amounts of accuracy. Maintenance Process for Battery Powered Flow Meters, Recent Advancements In Flow Meter Technology.

%r 8 #N0S\a9 a8 @ o|Qz!TU -X+ The ways that flow meter accuracy is stated are not always an apples-to-apples comparison, where one could essentially be converted into another. P1 Sign up for free if you are not a member already. Flow meter accuracy statements can be expressed as a percentage of either: The error in the measurement of flow rate when the accuracy of the meter is stated as a percent of flow rate can be determined by: Suppose we have a flow meter whose accuracy is stated as 1% of flow rate and is being used to measure flow in the range 0 100gpm then we can determine the errors at 100%, 50%, 25% and 10% of the flow range as: At 100% of flow, Error = 0.01 *100 = 1gpm = 1% Rate, 50% of flow, Error = 0.01*50 = 0.5gpm = 1% Rate, 25% of flow, Error = 0.01*25 = 0.25gpm = 1% Rate, 10% of flow, Error = 0.01*10 = 0.1gpm = 1% Rate. Bronkhorst instruments are used for numerous applications in many different markets.

It is the amount of error that can occur when measurements are taken with the flow meter. On the other hand, applications where flow rates are low will typically use meters that are considered more accurate but tend to impede flow rates, such as displacement meters. AK(Du|a=)PO) B0byp^Ke] ._O7/ 6{ Eww;D9]&3b}Y~X$RY,l0BIcWSTRi-Vib& 0000006683 00000 n stated as a percent of upper range limit can be determined by: (

Are you looking for technical documentation, are you interested to learn more about the measuring principles of Bronkhorst products, or you do want to get in contact with a Bronkhorst Service Engineer? The accuracy requirements for a flow meter depends a great deal on the exact application. How to download the free software tools of Bronkhorst? When you buy a flow meter, it will usually provide the accuracy of the flow meter within the product specifications. It should never be confused with accuracy. It is often used for verifying the accuracy of other flow meters by running them simultaneously and referencing the measured values between the two. We can help guide you to the correct solution for your business needs, whether you are looking for product information, data sheets, repair information we are available to help! For every High Accuracy turbine flow meter manufactured by Turbines, Inc., a unique K-factor is documented by means of NIST-traceable factory or independent laboratory ISO/IEC 17025 certified. If the meter is being used to measure liquid volume in the range 0 100gpm then we can determine the errors at 100%, 50%, 25% and 10% of the flow range as: At 100% of flow, Error = 0.01 *100 = 1gpm = 1% Rate, 50% of flow, Error = 0.01*100 = 1gpm = 2% Rate, 25% of flow, Error = 0.01*100 = 1gpm = 4% Rate, 10% of flow, Error = 0.01*100 = 1gpm = 10% Rate. Highly configurable materials of construction. Two important parameters are your flow meters accuracy and repeatability. Certain flow meter technologies require calibration more often than others and some may not require any calibration at all during their service life. 278 34 Industry leading liquid flow measurement.

Powered by. Certain flow meter technology types lend themselves to the accuracy being stated in a particular way that may be different from other flow meter technologies. Inputs include pulse and square wave flowmeter inputs. Significant bearing wear is another drawback of turbine flow meters. G : Specific gravity of the liquid = 1 (for water) 0000000976 00000 n All rights reserved. Well.no, not by definition. trailer ), ( Turn Down or Turn down Ration describes the range of flow rates between maximum and minimum flow over which a flow meter will work satisfactorily within the accuracy limits and repeatability of tolerances specified by the manufacturer. 0000001981 00000 n How does this play into accuracy? P = Pressure drop Technology Giants Bolster Industrial Internet of Things, Choosing the Flow Meters and Dry Gas Seals to Fit Your Needs. 7 xRn CdCD,KH> )R I 3;nRw'F,Fu4p!Yc.=(qf-*

However, for your exact application needs, a simple variable area flow meter may deliver sufficient accuracy at a significant cost savings. 0 For this reason, they are often preferred for purposes water distribution, fire protection and for large commercial projects, where a high rate of flow and high pressure is desirable. Providing Reliable Flow Measurement since 1983, Accuracy: +/- 0.5% over standard flow range (for 0.25% consult factory), Repeatability: +/- 0.1% over standard flow range, Operating Temperature: -450 F to +450 F (for higher temperatures consult factory), End Connection: Flanged, Victaulic (grooved), 37 AN Flare, or NPT (additional end connections available). Running flows much lower than the stated minimum flow range for the meter can also cause the meter to suffer accuracy or can cause the meter to not work at all. 311 0 obj <>stream Accuracy is how close your instrument comes to giving you the exact value that exists in the process at that moment. Manufacturers also continue to develop blade and rotor materials that are highly sensitive, durable and less vulnerable to drag and other factors that have traditionally decreased accuracy. Picture 1 - Pressure/vacuum relief valves for atmospheric storage tanks 0000005391 00000 n ), ( Subscribe to our blog and receive every two weeks our update. Flow meters measure the volume or mass of liquid, gas, or steam moving through a piping system. Your email address will not be published.

Also known as an axial turbine, this type of meter consists of a turbine wheel that is placed in the stream of the flow. >$xFov}wD]^zWTmX&#{~? Depending on the different units used for each of the term on right side of the equation, range of values for A : orifice are requirement in mm2 Good repeatability does not guarantee accuracy. Check out our top 10 tips for installing your flow meter. Repeatability is producing the same outcome given the same conditions. In terms of mass flow, accuracy requirements can change the type of sensor being discussed. It is also worth noting that the accuracy of a single flow meter is also subject to whether the meter is measuring a liquid or a gas. In essence, it is the ability of the instrument to group the results, as in target shooting or darts. Universal Flow Monitors, Inc was incorporated in 1963. All Turbines, Inc. products are proudly made in the USA. Electrical pulses can also be added and totalized so that we get the aggregate flow rate over a specific time period. endstream endobj 279 0 obj <>/Metadata 276 0 R/OpenAction 280 0 R/Outlines 31 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 275 0 R/StructTreeRoot 32 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 280 0 obj <> endobj 281 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 275 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 282 0 obj <> endobj 283 0 obj <> endobj 284 0 obj <> endobj 285 0 obj [250 0 0 0 0 833 0 180 333 333 0 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 0 722 611 556 722 722 333 0 722 0 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444] endobj 286 0 obj <> endobj 287 0 obj [250 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 333 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 570 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 667 611 0 778 389 0 778 0 944 0 778 611 0 0 556 667 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 556 278 833 556 500 556 0 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 750] endobj 288 0 obj <>stream



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