To check that youve upgraded Nomad properly, you can deploy a sample application, test the endpoint, and delete it from the cluster.

With Checkov you can scan the growing list of vulnerable resources that Terraform provisions into an AWS account. One more, a rather peculiar thing is that terrascan rule descriptions for GCP are pretty much identical to the ones used by Checkov. Interesting feature is error history which can show you when the engineering errors were introduced during the resource lifetime. Youll learn how infrastructure tests fit into your organizations development practices, the differences in testing modules versus configuration, and approaches to manage the cost of testing. Coordinating infrastructure as code configuration best-practices across multiple engineering teams is difficult, not to mention that not every development squad has the right DevOps security skills.

After you create your configuration files, you create an execution plan that allows you to preview your infrastructure changes before they're deployed. That's why we tested and compared them by ourselves for you! Given the fact, terraform is used mostly against Cloud APIs, what was missing is to ensure Terragoat is a code repository containing intentionally vulnerable terraform codes with the resources for AWS, GCP and Azure. Most software teams do an analysis to check that the standards are properly enforced and implemented.

If terraform-compliance is not running quickly enough make sure to check the

Checkov supports running only / skipping specific checks: Checkov is also offering a paid version. The rule is first expressed using Cucumber, which is a tool used to support BDD. For more information about using Terraform in Azure, see the Azure Terraform developer center.

Learn HashiCorp tools with self-guided tutorials, videos, and hands-on labs. Important additional feature is the ability to create custom checks. From a practical standpoint, you may not always have a development environment that fully replicates a production environment because of cost concerns and the difficulty of replicating user traffic. For larger, more complex configurations with many resources, you should not manually check individual parameters. 2. One test checks that the target group does not use the default node address, and the other verifies that the target_id matches a valid IP address. Fuzzing is an example of negative testing. Everybody can find benefits in different tools based on specific needs and mainly integrations. Checkov offers automated remediation or manual fixes. However, none of these tests verify correct variable interpolation, list iteration, or other configuration logic. To solve this problem, write two unit tests with HashiCorp Sentinel to check parameters in the configurations plan and automate the IP address verification. Run terraform init to initialize the working directory. When you test Terraform modules, you want enough verification to ensure a new, stable release of the module for use across your organization. and Scenario, as also seen in below ; server_side_encryption_configuration is coming from the terraform code, as shown below ; This policy ( Scenario ) will allow all S3 buckets newly created or updated must have encryption configuration set within the code. The module contains contract tests in the form of variable validation, which will verify valid inputs for any configurations that depend on the module. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. You can use terraform fmt -check and terraform validate as rudimentary unit tests.

In this post, Ill discuss some testing strategies for HashiCorp Terraform configuration and modules so that you can terraform apply with greater confidence.

Instead, focus on unit testing any configuration not associated with modules. Operations team members should still be able to examine system metrics in their monitoring tools.

Contract tests quickly catch misconfigurations to modules before applying them to live infrastructure resources. In production, run end-to-end tests against the system to confirm system availability. serverless architecture caveats providers apps modern Run docker run again to test the configuration. AWS, AZURE or GCP? As a result, I usually write additional unit tests to parse the plan representation instead of the Terraform configuration. Fortunately, Terraform is an abstraction layer for any API that creates, updates, or destroys cloud-infrastructure entities. How do you know if you can run terraform apply to your infrastructure without affecting critical business applications? I included a few testing examples with HashiCorp Sentinel. Terraform providers include acceptance tests that resources properly create, update, and delete with the right configuration values.

You should write additional tests to check for configuration parameters on the active resource. Frameworks like Terratest and kitchen-terraform can also be used for end-to-end tests. They should answer the question, Does my configuration or plan contain the correct metadata? Traditionally, unit tests should run independently, without external resources or API calls. There are very few readily available examples of what bad infrastructure code looks like, and there arent any resources out there to help train and test your infrastructure as code skills. If you are maintaining DevSecOps microservice pipeline, then it is the right tool for you. The security finding (defined by ID and description). Of course, this is just an example which may or not be applicable Lower-level tests communicate system knowledge and expectations to teams that need to maintain and update Terraform configuration. The motivation behind this was to unify different preferences of engineers at Revolgy in order to provide improved and more consistent secure services to our customers. They also communicate the expected values of configuration across your team and organization.

With Lambda AWS container image support it starts to be very interesting for native DevSecOps serverless scanning.

The unit tests do not need to cover the configuration in modules. These types of tests overlap with security testing done as part of policy as code because you check attributes in Terraform configuration for the correct values.

When youre constantly pushing changes, you might even create multiple test instances! If you do not use HashiCorp Sentinel, you can use your programming language or configuration testing tool of choice to parse the plan representation in JSON and verify your Terraform logic. You see the dashboard with errors by policy or failures by benchmark. Ensure all data stored in the RDS is not publicly accessible, Ensure no hardcoded AWS access key and secret key exists in EC2 user data, Ensure no security groups allow ingress from 0.0.0.0:0 to port 22, Ensure no hardcoded AWS access key and secret key exists in lambda environment, S3 Bucket has an ACL defined, which allows public READ access. End-to-end tests usually depend on an entire system, including networks, compute clusters, load balancers, and more. For a full example of testing a module in Terraform Cloud, refer to a module built for Consul Terraform Sync. Terrascan clones your repository code into the container and scans it. Let's say one person works on a change and applies resources such as creating a VM in a test environment. Please do not create an GitHub issue for security concerns.

You can use them to check for correct identifier formats, naming standards, attribute types, and value constraints such as character limits or password requirements. Run terraform apply to apply the execution plan. This utility takes json output and creates a nice looking HTML report. 5. What is needed here is oversight to ensure conformity to stated rules.

Since Terraform is mostly used against Cloud APIs, we still need a way to ensure the code deployed against the infrastructure follows specific policies. Huge comparison of cloud providers for the gaming industry. The higher up the pyramid you go, the fewer tests you should have for that level of the pyramid. In the AWS load balancer case, add a map representing service objects and their expected attributes and type. If you need Software composition analysis, Kubernetes configuration scans etc., then it is a very good choice.

The Terragoat contains most commonly used IaC resources like EC2, S3, IAM, RDS, EKS or their GCP / Azure equivalents, so we expected the findings of the different tools to be mostly from the same category. After running integration tests, destroy the resources and release a new module version. At the very least, automate some tests to reduce the time you need to manually verify changes and check for errors before they reach production. 2022 Bridgecrew inc. All Rights Reserved.

We also looked at the remediated findings in the final report. They answer the question, Does this module or configuration create the resources successfully? A terraform apply offers limited integration testing because it creates and configures resources while managing dependencies. your terraform plan in a context where both In reality, your tests may not perfectly align with the pyramid shape. It misses impact severity and security background as in other tools in our selection. Compliance testing would be used to enforce rules in these and many other scenarios.

Integration tests check that a configuration using a Terraform module passes properly formatted inputs. Learn testing strategies for HashiCorp Terraform modules and configuration, and learn how to run tests against infrastructure. End-to-end tests can verify that changes did not break expected functionality. There is also an option of using Snyk broker in case you run a private repository. Another person then applies a different version of the code that provisions different version of that VM. Some companies can benefit from paid versions due integrations and reporting options.

Although it may seem biased to use the testing repository of one of the compared tools as the dataset, we still went with it because it just meant that findings of checkov in terragoat will be the baseline and other tools can perform either better, the same or worse. Additional resources on practices and patterns for testing Terraform include: To learn about using Sentinel on Terraform Cloud, review our tutorial on Learn. Fortunately, terraform is a marvellous abstraction layer for any API We saved the results in JSON, because that was the only output they all had in common (refer to the feature table).

Complete guide for picking the right tool for Terraform Security Code Analysis. Initially, we tried different internal repos as the testing dataset (Terraform files), but since we wanted the results to be shareable with the community and replicable, we decided to go with the publicly available repositoryterragoat. The test will fail because - while the first rule requiring existence of tags succeeds - the second rule fails in that the. Upon merging the changes, my GitHub Actions workflow runs integration tests written in Terratest. Using the VM example, a compliance policy might be as follows: "If you're creating an Azure resource, it must contain a tag". Updated the dict_merge and required functions that is dependening on it. The difference between development and production will affect the outcome of your tests, so be aware of which tests may be more important to flagging errors or disruptive to run.

Were excited to release TerraGoat , a training project for developers to learn about how to identify and avoid infrastructure as code misconfigurations and security risks.

A common problem is environments that break when multiple developers apply incompatible changes.

Manual testing involves spot-checking infrastructure for functionality and has a high cost in time and effort. Ability to run in the GitLab pipeline (direct integration and/or JUnitXML output is a plus), 6. To check that the monitoring tool has system metrics, you can check if it contains data from your system in the last five minutes. The output of each phase is compared against the documented requirements. Once you define the policies, a tool like Terraform-compliance is used to ensure the policies are followed. At Bridgecrew, were firm believers that cloud security needs to happen as early as possible-ideally when infrastructure is planned and applied using code. Fix the error by modifying main.tf as follows (where a Role and Creator tag are added). Currently HashiCorp provides

You ran terraform plan to manually check the IP address and continue to add more configuration to the module over time. Regarding the feature file format - radish is used to parse files with extension .feature - https://radish.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial.html. We didn't focus on additional testing of Kubernetes, Ansible or other IaC platforms. Terragoat is a vulnerable-by-design Terraform project designed to give DevOps engineers a place to learn how to identifying misconfigured infrastructure as code modules and test infrastructure code without polluting their own professional AWS account. We make the cloud work for you. Check out TerraGoat on Github to get started. Claim a $50 credit for HCP Vault or HCP Consul, HashiCorp shares have begun trading on the Nasdaq, Discover our latest Webinars and Workshops. Add them to the community forum! To ensure sufficient test coverage, write unit, contract, and integration tests for modules. Negative testing is the process of ensuring that a system can gracefully handle unexpected input or unwanted behavior. Worth mentioning is PR commenter which adds a comment to any area of the code which fails the tfsec scan. Ill start at the bottom of the pyramid with unit tests and work my way up the pyramid to end-to-end tests. a lightweight, security focused, BDD test framework against terraform. Integration tests can check that changes successfully run in a long-lived development environment, and end-to-end tests verify the environments initial functionality. As a result, it provides confidence in the modules successful usage but not necessarily in applying module updates to live infrastructure environments.

without having any encryption.

With fuzzing, a system that receives input is tested to ensure that it can safely handle unexpected input. Many times, compliance testing is part of the continuous integration process and is used to ensure that user-defined policies are followed. At the bottom of the pyramid, unit tests verify individual resources and configurations for expected values. The report references the exact line, resource and attribute in Terraform, which we consider as perfect for speeding up the code review. Terrascan has Notifier providing webhooks for the results. What is your choice? The first policy could be written as a BDD feature scenario as follows: The following code shows a test for a specific tag: In this section, you download and test the example. Spinning up databases and clusters can take half an hour or more. Terrascan is also available as GitHub action. A set of standards and procedures is developed and documented for each phase of the development lifecycle. terraform-compliance provides a test framework to create these policies that will be executed against Sentinel for Enterprise Products. The results of the test are any "gaps" in not conforming to the predetermined standards. They create a load balancer, listener rule, and target group to verify that the module configures additional listener rules and target groups. Troubleshoot common problems when using Terraform on Azure, Learn more about using Terraform in Azure, Configure Terraform in Azure Cloud Shell with Bash, Configure Terraform in Azure Cloud Shell with PowerShell, Configure Terraform in Windows with PowerShell, Understand when to use compliance testing.

The checks are written in python so some coding skills are needed in comparison with tfsec. Because. This directory is referred to as the example directory. Tfsec is having quite good remediation and recommendation details with links to AWS, GCP or Terraform documentation. Very promising feature is running as an API server. More about this topic, maybe, in one of our next posts. Run terraform plan again to create a new execution plan. They also test infrastructure configuration that can only be verified after a terraform apply, such as invalid configurations, nonconformant passwords, or results of for_each iteration. We understand that many users place a high level of trust in HashiCorp and the tools we build. Unfortunately, theres a major knowledge, skills, and access gap between those functions, making it difficult to achieve. Snyk is a fantastic tool when you need more stuff than Terraform scanning. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. If the full spec has been implemented, the test succeeds.

The previous rule is translated as follows: The Terraform HCL code would then adhere to the rule as follows.

Ability to scan Terraform code defining AWS and GCP resources for security issues. They answer the question, Can someone use the infrastructure system successfully? For example, application developers should still be able to deploy to HashiCorp Nomad after you upgrade the version. Unit tests for the plan representation require Terraform to authenticate to your infrastructure provider and make comparisons. If you are not skilled enough you can use policy builder via UI, which is very intuitive and offers connection to several benchmarks and standards like HIPAA, CIS, NIST. Whether youve updated some HashiCorp Terraform configuration or a new version of a module, you want to catch errors quickly before you apply any changes to production infrastructure. Doing compliance checks is straight forward. Therefore we didnt include formatting and linting tools liketflintin this comparison.We also avoided testing frameworks such asconftest,kitchen-terraform,terrafirma,terraform-complianceorterratest. After you apply your Terraform changes to production, you need to know whether or not youve affected end-user functionality. Fast-track to success with flexible on-demand cloud services. Terraform enables the definition, preview, and deployment of cloud infrastructure. You signed in with another tab or window. The workspace uses a CLI-driven workflow since its integration tests have external dependencies. Since they run independently of infrastructure resources, unit tests have a virtually zero cost to run frequently. The new HashiCorp Terraform Azure Stack provider 1.0 includes several provider behavior improvements, 19 new resources, and supports a new service for Key Vault. Infrastructure as code (sometimes referred to as infrastructure code or abbreviated as IaC) is used, As companies look inward to discover where they can shore up cloud security shortcomings, the, Today we are introducing Checkov, a new open-source project for cloud infrastructure security. terraform-compliance is providing a As a result, it takes time to scroll through the planned changes to check your IP address. This also fixes the pro, Simplify support for running module directly (. To monitor and track best practices in cloud configurations, developers need to learn best practices for CIS, SOC2, PCI, HIPAA, NIST, AWS Foundations, Hightrust, and others across multiple versions. Idea of API server and container can be merged in usage of AWS EKS (alternatively GKE) or ECS. Why? Problem comes with adding new Terraform files which require reimport of the repository/project. If you use feature branching, merge your changes and apply them to a production environment.

Even if configuration tests have less accuracy in development, they can still catch a number of errors and help you practice applying and rolling back changes before production.

We hope that TerraGoat helps bridge the knowledge gap for those looking for ways to start down that path.

As returning back to the example, our example defined above will be translated into a BDD Feature After that we picked very simple metric - number of unique findings per tool: Its interesting to see in these results that Snyk performed exceptionally well on the AWS Terraform code, because it found more issues than checkov. that creates/updates/destroys entities. Quality of security issue findings (positive vs. false positive findings) and also their connection to AWS/GCP and Terraform documentation.

Introducing TerraGoat, a vulnerable-by-design Terraform training project, Tutorial: Find, fix, and prevent Terraform misconfigurations with Bridgecrew, Tutorial: Scanning AWS CDK-generated templates at build-time with Bridgecrew, Announcing Checkov: Prevent cloud misconfigurations during build-time. The tests cannot accurately represent the end state of brownfield (existing) resources because they do not test updates. Some frameworks, such as Terratest or kitchen-terraform, orchestrate this sequence for you. In its ideal form, a long-running development environment that accurately mimics production can help you catch potential problems. Example code and resources: Using the DownGit tool, download from GitHub the compliance-testing project and unzip into a new directory to contain the example code. But what we want to raise is known_hosts file for Terrascan in Docker container. Aspects that we wanted to consider as the evaluation metrics were (ordered by priority): 1. You can use the same testing framework as your unit tests to check that a Terraform configuration passes the right inputs to a module. Note: Consul Terraform Sync generates the services object outlined in the example. Note: We have ongoing research for terraform test, which supports module acceptance testing. Run terraform validate again to verify the syntax. Ability to add and develop your own security rules, 8. Terrascan also underperforms on GCP terraform code. of having fully-fledged functional tests that are mostly used for

Broker proxy is critical if you need to use public API and private code management. similar functionality only for terraform while it is free-to-use and it is Open Source. Should you verify every parameter that Terraform configures on a resource? If possible, avoid creating entire systems. Compared to modules, Terraform configuration applied to environments should include end-to-end tests to check for end-user functionality of infrastructure resources.

For example, your Terraform configuration parses the IP address from an AWS instances DNS name and passes it to a target group for a load balancer.

Compliance testing is done through the inspection process and the outcome of the review process should be documented. Sign up below to stay up to date with new projects and Bridgecrew announcements. Terraform also ensures the local configuration and the remote API responses are in synch. Machine processable output like JSON, XML or CSV is needed for future integrations. your code against your infrastructure must follow specific policies. For fans of automated playbooks there is also automated remediation with CloudFormation stacks, but we didn't test this feature in our PoC.

Since you have to set up and tear down the resources, you will find that integration tests can take 15 minutes or more to complete depending on the resource! Run docker pull to download the terraform-compliance image. Instead of using a separate testing framework for contract tests, use a custom validation rule. Auto-detection of terraform executable & downloading (, Move orjson to be an optional dependency (, https://radish.readthedocs.io/en/stable/tutorial.html. Another reason we built TerraGoat is to support the development of and the community around Checkov.

Run terraform show to convert the execution plan to JSON for the compliance step. (ELK stack, DefectDojo and similar). The top half of the pyramid includes tests that require active infrastructure resources to run properly. To start with the easier part we decided to gather the features of the compared tools based on our requirements and also add other ones that we thought could be interesting or useful. developers and security teams can understand easily while reading it, by applying Behaviour Driven

I explained the different types of tests and how you can apply them to catching errors in Terraform configuration before production, and how to incorporate them into pipelines. We bring you cloud technologies adapted to your needs, with rapid time-to-value and innovative solutions. Then, run terraform apply and the integration tests to check that the module can still run without errors. Compliance testing is also known as conformance testing.

for service, service_data in var.services : aws_lb_target_group_attachment_does_not_use_node_address, aws_lb_target_group_attachment_has_ip_address, "^\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}$", target_group_attachment.values.target_id not in, consul_terraform_sync_service_node_addresses, target_group_attachment.values.target_id matches, "Priority of listener rule between 1 to 50000", "The priority of listener_rule must be between 1 to 50000. The result of these efforts can be seen in the following table. PART 2: AWS, AZURE or GCP?

After the integration tests pass, I can tag and release a new version of the module.



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