} array(0) { ["query_vars"]=> This obviates the need for the use of genetically modified organisms outside a laboratory. ["compare"]=> bool(false) <<>>
[1]=> Multiplexed LFAs (xLFAs) detect multiple markers on the same strip (Figure 3B), enabling more efficient testing, although they are more difficult to design without compromising specificity and sensitivity [72].
49 0 obj array(0) { The technical challenges of each technology have been extensively reviewed previously (for example, [8,19,20]); here we will address deployment of technologies for different detection scenarios and discuss future research and development directions that could accelerate adoption and assist surveillance and the prediction and prevention of future plant disease outbreaks. } [0]=> Tom Kalaris, Daniel Fieselmann, Roger Magarey, Manuel Colunga-Garcia, Amy Roda, Darryl Hardie, Naomi Cogger, Nichole Hammond, P.A. bool(false) ["current_post"]=> effectiveness of a management action) could facilitate the use of machine learning algorithms to modify and improve on the recommended action for the control of specific pests, ultimately creating a digital agronomist that can act on data and is able to learn from the outcomes of those actions. PlantVillage Nuru and Tumaini can be used without an internet connection, which is an invaluable feature when used in remote, rural locations. ["minute"]=> The co-creation process should seek to determine whether capital and/or running costs could form an insurmountable barrier to adoption for the intended end users. HWMs6Wwl;_nQ-59Db` Pg:>\ W<>iN]LflO>+w2Y$_tpRFi^cf"*3(t9n;ifsJn5\]US?Jv?9g9o%\Tc6bvJ:E7.Ofh[u$D^$QR@ [ L k3% xK,T0IGu 1(6ijGACUYm.e)Y%g 1+";Z Dfu&eB:a=ihJlw^tZ++m{o P(vi`lu GI{]5`/`Pn&Q7A;,C8mUkz!Hg8`,KRS9h)n`JjEpQ/XKznFC@3fJ?'O!^ApG05f: `E@J@l)[JZh>U-{5`1-"wv+, :Ecb4ng??SYH ^Ux) Si:$+ H2U_nuNS.vs/=s } [0]=> [0]=> As a result, these apps are already being used to map the occurrence and spread of pests and diseases, which is contributing to forecasting and pest risk assessment (unpublished data). ["meta_key"]=> int(0) ["orderby"]=> The integration of wearable sensors on leaves or stems of plants (Figure 2B), holds great promise for real-time and wireless monitoring of plant health [68,69], including continuous monitoring of plant VOCs [70]. 6 0 obj Single LFDs contain one test zone (i.e. For endemic pests, effective monitoring facilitates the timely deployment of management measures. Using a standard set of 170 single cassava leaf images, Mrisho et al. ["post_count"]=> [0]=>
Crude extraction methods have been developed which are well suited to processing small samples of plant tissue (for example, a single or excised lesion). ["primary_table"]=> ["menu_order"]=> bool(true) } The conjugation pad contains detection antibodies conjugated with nanoparticles (e.g.
endobj } ["tag"]=> string(2) "ID" ["table_aliases":protected]=> [0]=> Use of the MinION has been demonstrated for the detection of plant-invading bacteria, viruses, fungi, phytoplasma, and insects [88,89] and in virus surveillance in the field in Africa, although the error rate was acknowledged as causing issues with phylogenetic analysis [90]. endobj ["compare"]=> 3 u|^1r\Q, Chapter 11 bool(false) int(0) ["attachment"]=>
["posts"]=> [1]=> X. fastidiosa is a significant threat to agricultural ecosystems, resulting in dramatic changes to landscapes and cultures [9]. ["query_vars_hash":"WP_Query":private]=> ["is_admin"]=> All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. bool(false)
string(16) "init_query_flags" <> ["type"]=> 50 0 obj actions not risks). } "^=H0( 2G3r1{? Psc6UK}+bT5JP&EB_lf6@&!h`"#pI?,_/~ OX]{{*Jt# lS#1%CDp88PBIR e6 A9j~XkdN( `4w'i/rg>ml`;CXIr~ Example of the application of the PlantVillage Nuru App for identification of (A) cassava green mites and (B) Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in cassava leaves.
[1]=> Surveillance is mostly carried out by state governments, but the Australian Government, peak industry bodies, environmental agencies, growers and the Australian community is also involved. 3 0 obj Developments in technology, particularly methods based on molecular biology, have improved our ability to detect and identify pests and pathogens [15] and diagnose the causal agents of disease [1618]. <> ["compare_key"]=> ["date_query"]=> ["is_single"]=> ["post_parent__not_in"]=> array(8) {
and N.B. string(0) "" This kind of information is invaluable for growers and consultants to adopt appropriate weed control measures. } ["is_day"]=>
array(0) { ["suppress_filters"]=> Plant pests and diseases pose a significant constraint to agricultural productivity, with estimated losses of 1/3 of global yield [3,4]. bool(true) string(0) "" This opens the possibility of developing materials with surveillance capabilities that can have a continuous presence in the field. Most HTS platforms produce short DNA fragments, but the ONT and Pacific Biosciences platforms sequence much larger fragments of DNA, allowing analysis of genotypes present in mixed populations. string(10) "meta_value" ["tax_query"]=> string(3) "ASC" array(0) {
NULL bool(true) array(2) {
These apps also provide a vehicle for delivering advice for the management of the identified pest. Automation will be crucial in building effective surveillance systems to provide early warning of the presence of a pest. ["key"]=> ["orderby"]=>
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string(6) "events" Integration of technologies and combining data from different platforms to achieve an overall aim, rather than using them sequentially or in tandem, may also be desirable. Broadband and multispectral methods relying primarily on visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance indices, such as normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), have been used to sense late-stage plant disease since the 1980s [2325]. ["post__not_in"]=>
} ["relation"]=> Synthetic biology provides a rapid and cost-effective workflow for the development of diagnostic devices through engineering design principals applied to biological systems resulting in short design-build-test cycles [94]. <>stream
16 0 obj gold nanoparticles) that are responsible for the visual read-out. } string(2) ">=" } ["is_search"]=> In the laboratory, methods most commonly use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a target-specific sequence. Access to these sorts of imagery is now widely available to growers due to the growing number of service providers offering weekly to sub-weekly imagery satellite, aerial and/or UAV imagery. ["_posts_class":"Timber\QueryIterator":private]=> string(12) "events__date" ["is_singular"]=> array(2) { ["is_privacy_policy"]=> Direct field measurement of plant biogenic VOCs allows a more accurate assessment of VOC fluxes emitted under natural conditions, and several approaches have been explored in recent years. ["is_tag"]=> object(Timber\QueryIterator)#11390 (2) { string(3) "mt1"
int(736) ["post_type"]=>
} bool(false) string(0) "" array(2) { ["suppress_filters"]=> ["meta_query"]=> AND
Australia and New Zealand remain free of many pests that cause problems in other countries. ["tb"]=> string(32) "e6dc4d44f499ca6cba7d9d48b27ea6ec" ["type"]=>
2 0 obj Active monitoring can be laborious and time consuming [92], ultimately limiting uptake. Climate change has extended the range of pests and the pathogens they vector. With United Nations figures estimating that the world population is expected to reach almost 10 billion people in 2050 [1], there will be growing demand for food delivered through increased production, changes in dietary preferences and improved distribution [2]. Radhakrishnan et al. A list of Australias most unwanted can be foundhere. int(0) string(0) "" HUq #TLv;al
(C) Recent developments have also demonstrated that these cell-free reactions are compatible with a range of physical supports, including paper and hydrogel materials, allowing cell-free reactions to be incorporated into these materials and utilise said materials as interaction surfaces. ["category__and"]=> bool(false) string(0) "" [65] (Figure 2A), combining brightfield smartphone microscopy with a paper-based colorimetric chemical sensor array [66,67] to achieve high sensitivity for green leaf volatiles and phytohormones.
capture and secondary antibody). The advent of more widely available multi- and narrowband visible to shortwave infrared (SWIR; 4002500nm) proximal and remote sensing has reinvigorated the discipline of plant disease sensing with its newly established capacity for pre-symptomatic disease detection [3237] and differentiation [38,39]. string(8) "wp_posts" Detection methods which target a pathogen's nucleic acid are able to target a particular species with very high specificity and have the potential to be extremely sensitive [19,79].
The low capital costs of the MinION and the low cost of mini flowcells offers a potential application of this technology in low resource laboratories allowing them to access the genomics revolution without the massive capital outlay of more traditional genome sequencers. <> The use of automation and wireless data transfer should improve the uptake of the technologies, though it will also likely create a trade-off, where reduced time input necessitates greater capital expenditure associated with automated systems. ["posts_per_page"]=> ["is_feed"]=> Other techniques (e.g. A smartphone-based gas sensor developed for noninvasive diagnosis of plant diseases has been demonstrated by Li et al. bool(false)
endobj More information on the MinION can be found at https://nanoporetech.com/. array(4) { Also shows USB connection which allows the device to be run from a laptop. uuid:dc4d7442-a624-11b2-0a00-404854b7fc7f Recent developments involving the Flongle (flowcell adapter) (Figure 4) allow the MinION to use low-cost (< $100) mini flowcells, bringing the potential for use in diagnostic testing in situations where other HTS platforms are impractical or too expensive. These technologies (including the rapid cycling variants [80]) have been in use in plant pests detection for over two decades [81]. wp_postmeta.meta_key = 'events__date' Most types of crop pests and diseases cause visible symptoms that can be recognized by a trained person, but few such people are accessible to farmers, particularly in the developing world. int(1799) Technologies more suited to surveillance and monitoring, on the other hand, have only more recently seen significant advances. string(3) "mt1" ["sentence"]=> string(0) "" ["meta_table"]=> Plant pests are estimated to cause losses of 20-40% every year, highlighting the significant impact they have on food production, food security, the natural environment and ecosystems. string(12) "events__date" ["key"]=> E-nose devices have several limitations restricting their adoption as a diagnostic tool including signal drift, susceptibility to humidity, moderate sensitivity, complex data processing, and high purchase cost. string(1) "=" By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Access content during the Covid-19 pandemic, Detection of the disease using smartphone image analysis, Pathogen detection using field-portable VOCs sensors, Protein diagnostic platform: lateral flow assay (LFA), Potential of synthetic biology for self-reporting, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0533-y, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120207, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2007020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-008-9089-y, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02690.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1570-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9037-0, https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669509500707, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.001405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(93)90001-Y, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-015-9421-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.10.003, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-19-0297-R, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111480, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0189-7, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-19-0294-R, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-017-0233-z, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0319-RE, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0475-z, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1141.ch006, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3_13, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02612.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00600-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2008.06.022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12127-018-0240-4, https://doi.org/10.1108/02602280410525977, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.5.419, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02355.x, https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20171101019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0476-y, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00226, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112360, https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7030051, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0450-8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16896-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9284-3, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.11.6702-6710.2005, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.7.2853-2858.2000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.035, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082704, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3706-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112592, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0488-RE, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0684-y, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0685-x, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0908-8_1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.010, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00347, Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY), Exploring protein symmetry at the RCSB Protein Data Bank, Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of stress, Spatial patterns in ecological systems: from microbial colonies to landscapes, Terms & Conditions for single-article or journal-issue online purchases. 48 0 obj <>stream ["order"]=> Innovations in technology are providing a great array of tools to enable surveillance in support of biosecurity and control of endemic pests. in contrast with targeted assays which ask, is pathogen X present in this sample?'. [1]=> [1]=> } bool(false) ["embed"]=> } string(4) "DATE" ["suppress_filters"]=> ["is_comment_feed"]=>
["w"]=> In a biosecurity context, effective surveillance strategies enable early detection in new regions, management of eradication strategies and mapping of disease spread, and provide data on freedom from a pest in support of exclusion zones and containment strategies.
} ["primary_id_column"]=>
( [0]=> array(2) { } ["posts_per_page"]=> endobj ["post__not_in"]=> In situations where species or strain level information is required, the smartphone app could identify the best samples to test using high specificity LFA or DNA technologies, reducing the number of samples to be analysed and potentially providing a triage of which additional tests should be used. ["meta_id_column"]=> string(4) "DATE" ["attachment_id"]=> } ["post_type"]=> endobj Miniature GCMS adapts the same detection mechanism as laboratory instruments: examples include the ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) [54], the ion-trap MS (TMS) [55] and the differential mobility spectrometer (DMS).
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