In severe cases, spirochetal infection can involve the whole epidermis and induce dermal inflammation [10, 11].

Cattle; Claw disorder; Digital dermatitis; Salicylic acid. Writing review & editing, Roles To our knowledge, this is the first study on blinded molecular biological monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy of SA with respect to treponemal infection, and on complete BDD M2-stage remission in all animals achieved by SA treatment according to an optimized protocol. In 6/26 M5-stage cases, no histopathological changes were seen, while 20 stage M5 lesions exhibited mild to moderate perivascular, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis. Bookshelf

TT PCR from positive, negative and no-template controls yielded anticipated results, thus confirming authenticity of obtained data. can also reside deep in the stratum spinosum and the dermal papillae of BDD lesions [11]. Background image is "Cows on pasture in the morning light" by Dietmar Rabich, Dietmar Rabich, Dlmen, Weide am Borgplackenweg -- 2015 -- 8742, CC BY-SA 4.0. 2019 Mar 29;9(4):129. doi: 10.3390/ani9040129. Writing original draft, A change to M0 was defined as healing, while changes of M2 or M4 to M1 or M3 were classified as clinical improvements. In acute lesions, Treponema spp. TT PCR proved to be the most sensitive method for detection of Treponema spp., followed by FISH and WS silver-staining. 2017 Jul 7;79(7):1191-1195. doi: 10.1292/jvms.16-0270.

M2-stage lesions usually persist for several months [56]. In the past few years, salicylic acid (SA) powder or paste have emerged as nonantibiotic alternative in the treatment of BDD and interdigital phlegmon.

As with all licensed veterinary medicines, the vet must advise and prescribe these. So where does that leave us with salicylic acid for the treatment of digital dermatitis? are consistently associated with the onset and progression of BDD lesions [69]. are present as motile spirals, while they are encysted in chronic lesions [6]. First report on outbreaks of contagious ovine digital dermatitis in Sweden. Regarding Treponema phylotypes identified, TT PCR and FISH results diverged to some extent. In combination with clinical and histopathological analyses, TT PCR and Treponema spp.-specific FISH provided sufficient evidence of elimination of Treponema spp. Funding acquisition,

The oligonucleotide probes used in this study are listed in S1 Table and included probes specific for the domain Bacteria, the genus Treponema, and four different Treponema phylotypes, i.e. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to determine the difference of treatment duration between cows with pretreatment biopsy collection and administration of PVP-iodine ointment and cows without pretreatment biopsy collection and without administration of PVP-iodine ointment, using the statistics package NCSS (NCSS LLC, Kaysville, UT; www.ncss.com/). Pain, lesion size and clinical appearance (scored M0 to M4) were evaluated on days 3, 14 and 34 post-treatment.

Writing review & editing, Roles Would you like email updates of new search results? All sections were routinely stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and with a Warthin-Starry stain (WS-stain) [39] for visualization of spirochetes. Formal analysis, salicylic vitamin acetyl acid camels horses In the course of development of DD lesions, 94% of the transitions from healthy skin was observed as a transition finally ending up as hyperkeratotic lesions (M4-stage) and about 70% of the infected time was spent as M4-stage [57]. Methodology, No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269521. The two farms were selected by convenience from all that participated in the routine herd health service offered by the Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland. Complete healing was achieved in 100% of cases, with 2/21 animals requiring a second round of treatment upon disease reoccurrence. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. and transmitted securely. At the beginning of the study, the BDD prevalence was estimated at 63.6% (farm A) and 45.8% (farm B), respectively. The walking and feeding alleys were made of plain rubber and slatted concrete in farm A, and plain concrete in farm B. 2015 Mar;31(1):81-95, vi.

The three amplicons of M5derived DNA isolates of animals #11, 14, and 17 were 98, 98 and 87% identical to PT3, T. medium and T. refringens, respectively. Yes Investigation, Lesions were scored as follows (M referring to Cheli & Mortellaros initial description of the disease), with M1 describing a small (<2 cm cross section) focal active lesion, M2 a larger lesion (>2 cm cross section) with an active ulcer, M3 a healing, scabbed lesion, M4 a chronic stage of infection characterized by hyperkeratosis or surface proliferation, M4.1 a chronic stage with small active M1 lesions, and M5 a healed stage showing no clinical signs of pre-existing lesions (= normal skin). | 0 items - $0.00. As anticipated, all M2-stage biopsies collected from 12/21 randomly selected BDD patients tested positive by TT PCR and FISH.

Lesions were photographed digitally and thermographically and scored using the M-stage scoring system before treatment and at 7 and 28 d post-treatment. Anaerobic spirochetes, notably Treponema spp. Recurrence is frequently seen, indicating that natural immunity against spirochetes is not achieved, and that state-of-the-art prevention and control measures are not sufficiently effective [14]. In addition, disease has a negative impact on the dairy industry, as it results in high treatment costs, decreased milk yield and reduced fertility in affected animals [24]. Methodology, The probe for the domain Bacterium was used on all slides in combination with one other probe for individual bacterial species. Investigation, This particularly applies to lesions where deeper epidermal layers are invaded by Treponema spp. Except for lesions of animal #6, T. phagedenis phylotypes were found in all Treponema spp.-positive M2-stage biopsies. 2015.



PMC If the dorsal aspect of the feet was also affected (animals #16, #19 and #20; Table 1), the second B2 biopsy was taken from the former dorsal M2-stage lesion.

Once established in a population, complete elimination of BDD seems rather impossible [15]. A total of 201 DD lesions from 173 cows from four commercial dairy herds were evaluated at day 0 during routine hoof trimming and were allocated into two groups, namely, a control group given chlortetracycline spray, and a treatment group given 10 g of salicylic acid powder applied topically within a bandage. vet., Paste, Streuli Tiergesundheit AG, Uznach, Switzerland) was subsequently applied (~ 4 mm thickness; 1 g containing 660 mg SA and 7.7 mg methylsalicylate) to the pre-cleaned lesion (initial cleaning of the area with a povidone iodine soap) including a border of clinically healthy skin of 5 mm.

in six of twelve M2-stage lesions harboring sufficient numbers of bacteria. The histopathological scoring of sections was performed as described by Read and Walker [40] and modified by Klitgaard et al. here. For each PCR, the following controls were included: a Treponema DNA-positive BDD DNA isolate as the positive control, confirmed Treponema-free equine skin DNA as the negative control, and sterile water as the no-template control (ntc).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269521.g002. The number of spirochetes visualized by WS-silver-staining was semi-quantitatively categorized as: 0 = none visible; 1 = minimal number, 2 = moderate number, 3 = high number of spirochetes.

Each individual biopsy collected before (B1 samples) and after treatment (B2 samples) was longitudinally dissected on a sterile petri dish using sterile forceps and #11 sterile scalpel blades. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Copyright: 2022 Alsaaod et al. The VSA is a good read if you ever suffer from insomnia which can be found here. bark stiefel All 26 M5-stage lesions were free from ulceration with mostly a keratinolysis score of 0 (Table 1). Digital dermatitis (DD) is one of the most important causes of lameness in dairy cattle worldwide. sparta Kofler J, Innerebner C, Pesenhofer R, Hangl A, Tichy A. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr.

Acta Vet Scand. The M2 affecting the hind left leg of cow #1 harbored a sequence sharing 85% identity with T. medium DNA. From the 38 DNA extracts analyzed, 12/12 originating from M2-stage lesions, and 3/26 derived from M5-stage areas tested positive.

Subsequently, DNA extracts were screened for the presence of treponemal DNA using consensus Treponema primers 5/3 TT [42] according to an optimized protocol [43]: PCRs were carried out in 0.65 ml MlTI Ultra PCR tubes (Sorenson BioScience, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA), each containing 9.5% DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria), 5 l 10x PCR buffer (Roche, Vienna, Austria; 10 mM Tris/HCl pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2), 1.5 mM of each dNTP (Roche) 100 pmol sense and antisense primer (Eurofins, Vienna, Austria), 1 l DNA template and 1 U Taq polymerase (Roche) in a volume of 50 l. [44]. healing and improvement) was 1.75-fold better (P=0.05) for the treatment group. Additional FISH analysis of Treponema spp.-positive M2-stage lesions with T. phagedenis-, T. pedis-, T. medium- and T. refringens-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed mixed, intermingled infections in all these lesions (Fig 2). (3b) No hybridization (score 0). Salicylic acid (SA) provides similar treatment efficacy to tetracycline-class antibiotic drugs for the treatment of digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows. In-depth analyses are required to address these key indicators of therapeutic success, as exemplarily carried out by Capion et al. In addition, Milkers fat cream (Eutra Tetina vet., Interlac, Puidoux, Switzerland) was applied to unaffected surrounding skin and the interdigital space to protect these areas from the keratolytic effect of the SA paste. No, Is the Subject Area "Tissue repair" applicable to this article? Chiba K, Miyazaki T, Sekiyama Y, Miyazaki M, Okada K. J Vet Med Sci. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. [7] and extended by Berry et al. Writing review & editing, Roles Interdigital locoregional anesthesia at the level of the distal P1 was administered using 20 ml of 2% Lidocaine (Streuli Tiergesundheit AG, Uznach, Switzerland). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Formal analysis, [11]. Another aliquot of this FISH-positive M5-stage sample tested negative by TT PCR, suggesting that the low and superficial colonization detected by FISH constituted a local event within the stratum corneum. Taken together, repeated application of SA paste under bandages at weekly intervals with careful removal of necrotic skin between treatment rounds allowed for complete clinical healing of M2-stage lesions in all 26 study cases. Validation, Vet J. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Vet., Covetrus AG, Lyssach, Switzerland) for one week under bandage before administering SA paste. Finally, an adhesive tape (Tesa, Covetrus AG, Lyssach, Switzerland) was applied to increase the moisture repellent characteristics of the bandage, taking care not to apply it directly onto the skin.

Writing original draft,

Validation, T. pedis and T. medium phylotypes were found in all Treponema spp.-positive M2-stage lesions.

Copyright 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2016 May;211:3-13. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.028. 2022 Jun 9;17(6):e0269521. In addition, Treponema DNA was also identified in clinically BDD-free skin and healing stages of BDD following topical treatment with oxytetracycline using PCR [12, 32]. The treatment duration ranged between 2 and 4 weeks. After aligning the 3 end and the 5 end sequences, only the matching part was identified via BLAST alignment (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). To the authors knowledge, there is no DD treatment strategy of M2-stage lesions described in the literature with such a high (26/26) complete clinical healing rate. Login / Register

The M5derived DNA isolates of re-treated animals #13 and 16 tested negative for Treponema spp. Healing rates did not differ significantly between treatment groups at days 3 and 14. a farm prevalence of up to 94% reported for North America [5]. More recently, the topical administration of a combination of iodine solution with copper sulfate or honey showed only a short-term efficacy in terms of a transient reduction of lesion size [52]. Yes No milk withholding time following SA treatment has been established in the United States.

Chronic dermatitis was classified as follows: 0 = no changes present; 1 = mild perivascular, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis; 2 = moderate perivascular, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis; 3 = severe perivascular, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis. Yes None of the treated cows showed clinical signs of inflammation one week after B2 collection, and no BDD lesion reoccurred within one month after complete healing. Then, a mirror equipped with an LED light was used to thoroughly inspect each foot. Another four amplicons originating from M2-stage lesions of cows #13, 14, 15, and 17 were 9397% homologous to canine oral treponemes. The recurrent B1 lesion of animal #16 was ulcerated with a moderate perivascular, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis and a moderate number of spirochetes with an extensive degree of keratinolysis. Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Roles Furthermore, the M2-stage lesions were classified according to the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) Claw Health Atlas (Digital Dermatitis Stages, Appendix 1) into ulcerative or proliferative M2-stage lesions [36].

among healthy individuals [54]. Data curation, All fore and rear feet inspections were performed at weekly intervals in the milking parlor during milking (farm A), or with the cows in headlocks (farm B), using the BDD scoring method adapted from Relun et al. (1) Clinical appearance of lesion site before (1a) and after (1b) treatment of 3 weeks duration.

Software, A clinical and histopathological comparison of the effectiveness of salicylic acid to a compound of inorganic acids for the treatment of digital dermatitis in cattle. By day 34 the healing rate was fivefold better (P=0.01) for the treatment vs. the control group, with healing rates of 13.6% and 3.1%, respectively. 1450 Van Buren Ave J Dairy Sci. Vet Rec Open. This resulted in identification of the most abundant Treponema DNA sequence per sample.

SA primary acts through keratolysis, leading to dissolution of the intercellular cement within the stratum corneum [22]. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Acute BDD is associated with considerable pain and lameness, thus constituting a serious health and welfare issue. Investigation, B1- and B2-samples were transferred to the laboratory of the Research Group Oncology (RGO), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, where PCR analyses were carried out in a blinded manner. We opted for selective treatment of M2-stage ulcerative lesions (n = 26, >2 cm in cross section, affecting 21 dairy cows), because this stage is most painful, and hence, of utmost veterinary, economic and ethical relevance. The results obtained in lesions with versus such without pretreatment with povidone iodine ointment were similar (median duration of treatment = 2 weeks; P = 0.8). Subsequent treatment consisted of application of SA and bandaging at weekly intervals until lesions had completely resolved. PCR compatible quality of DNA isolates was confirmed by standard -actin PCR as previously described [41].

Citation: Alsaaod M, Jensen TK, Miglinci L, Gurtner C, Brandt S, Plss J, et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269521.g001. Also T. refringens phylotypes were detected from Treponema spp.-positive M2-stage biopsies except for those of animals #15 and #16. In animals #13 and 16, lesions reoccurred and required a second round of treatment. For PCR screening, the outermost portion of the epidermis (~ 1 mm) of one half of the biopsy specimen was removed and discarded, and the remaining portion was immediately transferred to an Eppendorf tube and stored at 20C until further processing.

A comparative study. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269521, Editor: Angel Abuelo, Michigan State University, UNITED STATES, Received: January 10, 2022; Accepted: May 23, 2022; Published: June 9, 2022. In addition, SA abrogates bacterial growth by affecting cell wall and cell surface components [23], and by down-regulating fibrinogen, fibronectin, and -hemolysin factors involved in bacterial replication [24, 25].

However, there is growing interest in replacing antibiotics by alternative substances in view of the risk of residual antibiotic traces in milk and meat, and the increasing problem of antibiotic resistances [1820].

The study protocol was approved by the animal experimentation committee of the cantons of Bern and Fribourg, Switzerland (permission # BE 20/19+). The low pH may also make it bacteriocidal, particularly as the spirochaetes causing digital dermatitis are largely unviable at below pH 5. Most cows did not have detectable salicylic acid in their milk more than 24 hours after treatment; however, 3 cows had detectable levels of SA at 36 hours post treatment.

Methodology, By day 34 the overall positive effect (i.e. The corresponding initial M2-stage lesion was ulcerative, affected the dorsal and plantar digital skin and also extended to the interdigital skin. Prior to treatment, M2-stage BDD lesions (n = 26, diagnosed in 21 dairy cows) exhibited ulceration, with severe perivascular, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis and extensive keratinolysis being noted in most cases.

(3) Double fluorescent in situ hybridization with probe for genus Treponema (Cy3 labelled) and for domain Bacterium (fluorescein labelled): (3a) Strong hybridization (score 3). In general, the keratolytic effect of salicylic acid is superficial, affecting the stratum corneum and promoting epidermal repair, so that repeated treatment with SA under bandage is necessary to achieve clinical healing of M2-stage lesions. The study involved 21 dairy cows kept at an agricultural school (Farm A, Inforama Rtti, Zollikofen, Switzerland; n = 12) and a Holstein-breeding farm (Farm B, Plaffeien, Switzerland; n = 9) between May 2019 and April 2021. Visualization, Visualization, Double in situ hybridization using the general oligonucleotide probe for the bacterial domain (eub-338) and the probe for Treponema spp. In the UK only a veterinary surgeon is permitted to diagnose, advise on treatments and prescribe medicines under the Veterinary Surgeons Act (1966).

Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Roles The therapeutic efficacy of allyl isothiocyanate in cows with bovine digital dermatitis.

Persson Y, Jansson Mrk M, Pringle M, Bergsten C. Animals (Basel). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of salicylic acid in the treatment of the disease. These results are also in agreement with previous findings regarding the presence of different Treponema phylotypes in deeper epidermal layers flanking the dermal papillae [11, 44]. Both cases were treated a second time as described above until M5-stage was reached. Writing review & editing, * E-mail: maher.alsaaod@vetsuisse.unibe.ch, Affiliation Four serial sections of the same biopsy hybridized with (Cy3 labelled) species specific oligonucleotide probes for A: Treponema phagedenis, B: Treponema pedis, C: Treponema medium and D: Treponema refringens. Until then we should apply the tools we have as best as we can. However, care is required to stay the right side of the law. Dismiss, Miscellaneous Orthopedic CCL & TPLO Repair. Treated cows were kept with their herdmates in the main stall. Topical treatment of individual BDD-affected cows, especially with antimicrobials such as chlortetracycline spray, is the most commonly used therapeutic strategy [16, 17].

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