Although LCA methodologies are being successfully used for many years in different fields, there is still a lack of LCA models for complex systems such as nanomaterials possessing novel properties, which are different from those of conventional chemicals. Thus, S-LCA comes up, which focuses on the social impact of human activities. All this has aroused the interest in this environmental management tool, mainly due to its potential value for conducting studies aimed at preventing environmental pollution, rather than remedying it. Unfortunately, this holistic natureof LCA itself is its main limitation. There are six main families of FR chemicals that can be added to various kinds of polymers or materials, to enhance their FR properties. The lack of sufficient. Upstream preventive work relies heavily on influencing corporate and consumer behavior. Of the 17 proposed SDGs to be attained by 2030, SDG 14 (conserve and promote sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources) reflects most clearly the importance of restoring and protecting mangroves, helping to mainstream mangroves into discussions of global poverty eradication and development. Over the past decade, there have been numerous examples of mangrove restoration, protection and conservation as part of coastal defense strategies. In addition to the remoteness and low accessibility of the Guiana Highlands, a recurrent obstacle to a sound assessment of the plant species and communities threatened with extinction by habitat loss is the difficulty in obtaining fieldwork and sampling permits. The aim was to develop a working model for the fish pond and join it with WSPs and HSSFCWs to form a chain of models that can work together as an, Rull and Vegas-Vilarrbia, 2008; Rull et al., 2008, ), but the situation has not changed. How can the food industry expect the public to understand what it is doing to become more sustainable when the language and metrics are so confusing? Under these conditions, the use of remote sensing techniques would be useful, especially those involving radiation measurements related to ecophysiological features, such as energy balance or photosynthesis (Jones et al., 2003). Recycling was found to be the most environmentally friendly disposal option for all the packaging alternatives compared, and either incineration or landfilling was considered the second best option depending on the packaging material. Reference data are needed on the impact of nanomaterials in HH and environment at the different stages of their entire life cycle (production process, use phase, or end of life). If recycling of PET bottles increased to 60% (currently 24%), the glass bottle would need to be reused 20 times to make their CFPs comparable. The results indicated that the major route for nitrogen removal in both the waste stabilization pond and the constructed wetlands was sedimentation while denitrification was the major removal mechanism in the fish pond. This problem (i.e., severe sampling restrictions, tedious paperwork, and prohibitively long waiting times to obtain the permits) was first noted several years ago (Rull and Vegas-Vilarrbia, 2008; Rull et al., 2008), but the situation has not changed. In order to implement an EMS, subsidiary instruments are necessary. MEAs relevant to mangrove conservation offer an opportunity to strengthen management, provide a common approach to environmental policy issues, and present some level of protection, at least on paper (Van Lavieren et al., 2012). It is noteworthy that a network of shared information and experience has promoted LCA development.
Jurgenne H. Primavera, Shing Yip Lee, in World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition), 2019. The SPC members believe that by successfully addressing these criteria, packaging can be transformed into a closed loop of packaging materials in a system that is economically robust and provides benefits throughout the life cycle a sustainable packaging system. End of life: After a fire, the materials containing FR chemicals and the FR chemical itself should be recycled or disposed safely. Nevertheless, one of the most important limitations in the application of LCA for decision-making from an environmental perspective is the limited inclusion of cost and investment considerations. The samples were analyzed in a water quality laboratory for BOD5, TKN, Org-N, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, Chlorophyll-a, N-Sediments, N-Plants, N-Fish, TSS, turbidity and faecal coliforms using Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2005). Moreover only a few countries have effective planning systems and complete national inventories of geosites. Irene, T.S.A. The fish pond model joined with a chain of WSPs and HSSFCWs to work properly in an IWTP as an environmental management tool for water bodies downstream of the system so that the end users and the environment are protected. Since the information comes from interested parties in the process (with no third-party verification), reliability must be guaranteed to avoid negative consequences on the market (ISO, 2016), with clear, transparent, and scientifically based information. This paper mainly introduces the development (in Section 5.1), definition, goal, classification, and framework (in other sections, respectively) of LCIA. Valent Rull, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrbia, in Biodiversity of Pantepui, 2019.
Despite the increasing popularity of LCAs among both industry and governments, the technique does have significant limitations, which are often overlooked. Also, it is needed to know whether the material or the FR chemical itself emits toxic gases. It is fundamental to communicate clearly the benefits of LCA to international decision-makers from science, industry, non-governmental organizations and public bodies. Several such instruments have themselves been standardized under the 14000 family of standards of ISO. However, reusing glass bottles three times would make the CFP of the drink in glass bottles comparable to that in aluminum cans and 500ml PET bottles. The cradle-to-grave approach can help ensure that all environmental and human consequences (including social concerns) are taken into account. The increase in heat leads to the combustion of the remaining material, and a combustion cycle is produced. LCA is a tool for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product, and its main objective is to identify which materials pose greater impacts, where these impacts occur in the chemical life cycle, and their impact on environment and human health (HH). The timing aspect is often critical in including or excluding some effects of the systems under analysis. As an example, tax reductions for biofuels and efficient cars were based on results of LCA studies. This research developed and modeled an integrated wastewater treatment plant (IWTP) consisting of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCWs) and a fish pond in Tanzania. Since these labels are not explained to buyers, they may draw their own conclusions, meaning each of their decisions can be different. Mbwette, in Developments in Environmental Modelling, 2014. In this context, there is great interest in developing alternatives of halogenated FRs, and many new FR products containing nanoparticles are being developed. These must be further balanced against financial and resource consumption considerations. The huge amount of detailed data required for completing a full LCA can discourage some practitioners from using LCA as a decision-making support tool. The label provides quantified environmental information on the products life cycle which makes it possible to compare products with the same functions as well as carry out an LCA for the products of the same group (UNEP, 2015).
A basic list of useful instruments is shown in the table below. However, the concept of sustainable packaging is more complex, and what may be the most sustainable solution for one product or particular market might not be the same elsewhere (Robertson, 2009). They draw their inspiration from the better known ISO 9 000, and can in many ways be regarded as a type of quality assurance instrument, i.e., quality of environmental management. Global agreements can also build institutional support for conservation efforts. The core of the concept is to calculate some specific sustainability indicators based on LCA.4 This can help to define the relevant contributions to support strategic decision-making. Current estimates based on the available databases and methods, such as the ARS and CEDM methods, are all that can currently be accomplished. Mangrove management and restoration may be a cost-effective mechanism to contribute to the SDGs. A new approach is required in order to integrate financial, environmental, resource, and toxicological considerations into a single analysis. Beln Payn-Snchez, M. Mar Serrano-Arcos, in Sustainable Resource Management, 2021, Labels and environmentally related declarations are environmental management tools providing information about the environmental attributes or characteristics of products or services offered by the firm (ISO, 2000), rather than performance qualifications. Without new and more detailed ecological and physiological studies of selected Guiana Highlands plants and ecosystems, the background information required for optimizing conservation practices will remain unknown. Depending on the nature of the FR chemical to be analyzed, the LCA strategy should be adopted starting from its raw materials, synthesis, functionalization, and final industrial production. Second, LCA can help decision-makers select the product or process that results in the least impacts to the environment. LCA is a relatively new environmental management tool, and advances continue to be made. Voluntary codes are still weak in the upstream business sectors such as advertising, marketing, and purchasing. Even though LCA is a powerful tool to assess the environmental impacts of products/activities/services, some limitations of it have been identified in recent years. Adapted from list of Aichi Biodiversity Targets from the official CBD website: http://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/default.shtml, Is beneficial, safe, and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its life cycle, Meets market criteria for performance and cost, Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled using renewable energy, Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials, Is manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices, Is made from materials healthy throughout the life cycle, Is physically designed to optimize materials and energy, Is effectively recovered and utilized in biological and/or industrial closed loop cycles, By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies; planning processes incorporated into national accounting and reporting systems, By 2020, rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, at least halved and, where feasible, brought close to zero; degradation, and fragmentation significantly reduced, By 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem-based approaches to avoid overfishing; recovery plans and measures in place for all depleted species; fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems; fisheries impacts on stocks, species and ecosystems within safe ecological limits, Sustainable management of mangrove fisheries, By 2020, areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry managed sustainably, ensuring biodiversity conservation, Sustainable forest and aquaculture management, By 2015, minimize multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification, to maintain their integrity and functioning, At least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas important for biodiversity and ecosystem services, to be protected, By 2020, extinction of threatened species prevented and their conservation status improved and sustained, Protect threatened species of mangrove flora and fauna, By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services (including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods, and well-being) restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, the poor and vulnerable, Restore and manage mangrove ecosystem services, By 2020, ecosystem resilience and contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks enhanced through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems, to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat desertification, Restore and conserve mangroves for resilience, By 2020, traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in implementation of the convention with full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels. A technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product by: compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system, evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs, interpreting the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases in relation to the objectives of the study. This combined with the re-thinking of regulatory approaches in recent years has led inevitably to the drive for more effective self-governing codes by industry, see for example Voluntary Industry Codes of Conduct for the Environment (www.uneptie.org/Outreach/vi/pub_codes.htm). This may however depend on a closer linking with regulatory instruments, as shown by the experience in the Netherlands where the system of industry covenants has been accepted only because of the clear threat of government standards if industry did not itself make a binding commitment to voluntary targets (www.greenplans.rri.org).
They recommend that packaging suppliers tell their customers how their packaging helps them to achieve their corporate sustainability goals. This information can be used with other factors, such as cost and performance data, to select a package or process. The most important effort should probably be focused on the integration of different types of impacts and on the way to express impacts in significant terms (monetary or not); for this, further sustained efforts are needed to design an efficient methodology. Since the beginning of the 1990s a large increase in the development of methodologies and applications of LCA has taken place. Understanding these emissions, and where they come from, is necessary to reduce them. Ninety grab wastewater samples were collected daily for 3 months (April, August and October 2010) at the inlets and outlets of the maturation pond, HSSFCW and fish pond. The standardization of these three types of eco-labels allows a greater understanding by users of the technical concepts of the products, making labeling more robust and reliable, and avoiding the confusion generated with general environmental labeling (Ruiz-Mndez and Gereca, 2019).
This includes not only direct inputs and outputs for production, distribution, use, and final disposal, but also indirect inputs and outputs (e.g. With increasing international emphasis on Blue Carbon stocks, mangroves have very recently been included in global climate change negotiations, for example, Article 5 of the recent United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement. Upstream preventive work relies heavily on influencing corporate and consumer behavior. One useful tool to compare different packages and assist in the development of more sustainable packaging is life cycle assessment (LCA). They include phosphorous (phosphonates, phosphine oxides, phosphates, etc. Type III (regulated by ISO 14025). Journal of Food Engineering 103, 357365.
Since 1995 many more guideline documents have been published and there is now a tendency to put such information online to improve access and updating. For instance environmental audit and assessment procedures are designed to provide managers with the information needed for quality decision-making. However, the LCA and the LCC are not enough to evaluate impact on the environment. Therefore, the existing impact assessment methods and databases of LCA methodologies should be adapted in order to include specific and new data of the potential impacts of FR nanomaterials on the environment and HH. The LCA study should consider environmental impacts on the longest possible timeframe. In its simplest sense, sustainable means to maintain or keep going continuously and it has been used in connection with forest management for more than a century. from the initial production of the energy used) regardless of when or where they occur. The operation method of FR chemicals consists of eliminating some products of the combustion cycle. Trying to reconcile sustainable packaging and packaging and sustainability is difficult if not impossible and is more than simply an exercise in semantics. In addition, many ecolabels and environmental product declarations (EPD) are also based on LCA results. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas/index_en.htm, http://www.uneptie.org/pc/pc/tools/index.htm, www.uneptie.org/Outreach/vi/pub_codes.htm, Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, http://www.sustainablepackaging.org/content/?type=5&id=definition-of-sustainable-packaging. However, some (more expensive) studies use site-specific data, aiming to analyze more accurately the receptors and the substances to which they are exposed. Deploying ecosystem protection as a means to curb the impact of hazards is the key goal of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, adopted in 2015. Source: Reproduced from Sustainable Packaging Coalition, 2011. Table 1.5. The ISO 14040 and 14044 international standards provide a framework for conducting LCAs. Blue Carbon is currently referenced in the NDCs of 28 countries, either in the context of mitigating/offsetting climate change emissions, or adapting to climate change impacts (Herr & Landis, 2016). Transport contributed up to 7% of the total impacts. It is now accepted that sustainability has three dimensions or pillars: economic, environmental, and social. Designation may also facilitate a degree of (financial and technical) support and collaboration (Spalding et al., 2010). A recent and forward-looking compilation (Fssler 2004) was prepared by the Global Compact and WBCSD; however, this is not available online at presen. The carbon storage capacity of mangroves means that they can be a key strategy in some countries for meeting their climate change mitigation targets through their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Furthermore, LCA can help to implement manufacturer strategies, identify opportunities, and to improve the environmental aspects of FRs along its life cycle. Source: OEF Online www.oilandgasforum.net/oefonline and others. Carrying out an LCA of FR chemicals allows one to have a global knowledge of its environmental performance in all life cycle stages. Flame retardant (FR) chemicals are in great demand due to their extensive applications in various industrial sectors, including transportation and construction. In the following sections, the LCA, LCC, and S-LCA are described in detail. The use of EIA procedures can undoubtedly be considered a powerful anticipatory environmental management tool. In the context of overall sustainability, packaging should (in their view) be regarded as part of the solution, not part of the problem, and as a net contributor to achieving the broad sustainability goal of resource optimization and waste minimization. Section 5.4 introduces the difference and similarity between LCA and S-LCA, while Section 5.5 looks at the theory, the practice, and the existing problems of the LCSA, along with a summary of three life cycle assessment methods. See for example: UNEP Environmental Management Tools (http://www.uneptie.org/pc/pc/tools/index.htm), The Environmental Management Navigator (www.em-navigator.net), A managers guide for the oil industry (http://www.oilandgasforum.net/oefonline), A range of corporate tools and approaches (http://www.gemi.org/docs/PubTools.htm). LCA coupled with other approaches provides more useful and practical information to the environmentally concerned administration, producers, and consumers for selecting among products and processes. LCA has a great potential to support environmental policy-making, given the condition that the LCA results are reproducible and transparent. Fires are a common cause of harm to people and property and also generate a host of acute and chronic pollutants, including acid gases and persistent organic pollutants. The main difficulties are related to the LCA methodological approach, especially data quality and collection (such as the choice between average and marginal data or allocation problems), definition of the system, time boundaries, and process modeling. The packaging options with the lowest environmental impacts were aseptic cartons and plastic bottles (for sizes greater than 1l). Results of the LCA are often used for process optimization. (2011) assessed the environmental impacts of the most common packaging options on the Spanish market for juice (aseptic cartons, glass, and HDPE bottles), beer (aluminum cans, glass, and HDPE bottles), and water (PET and glass bottles). (2013) presented the full life cycle impacts of carbonated soft drinks manufactured and consumed in the UK. It is sometimes referred to as cradle to grave analysis and typically compares two or more products that provide the same function or equivalent use. Notwithstanding the limitations described above, LCA can be a very useful tool in two major areas. The environmental profiles of the whole beverage life cycles in terms of the GWP in g CO2e and cumulative energy demand (CED) in megajoule (MJ) are summarized in Table 6. Protected area frameworks like the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, UNESCO World Heritage Convention, and the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program can increase the prestige and international profile of a specific site (Van Lavieren et al., 2012). The wide range of initiatives that have been developed in the past 20 years and are still being developed have demonstrated a worldwide increasing commitment at policy level for the protection and management of geoheritage. A third group of instruments can be loosely termed communication tools since they aim to manage a two-way flow of information between decision-makers, partners, stakeholders, clients and by-standers. The range of environmental management tools is now quite large, and often demands specialist skills and working experience in its application. Use/Fire: It is quite possible that during the combustion of a material, it disintegrates due to the generated heat and emits gases. In general terms, the LCA detects the hot spots in the whole life cycle and carries out environmental comparison of different actions that can improve the environmentally friendly nature of the production and use of chemicals. In the case of FR chemicals and nanomaterials, the following stages should be taken into account: Synthesis/Production: Considering the wide variety of FR chemicals existing today, there cannot be any generalization. On this sense, the international conferences on Life Cycle Management play a key role. The best-known (and still arguably the most effective) is Responsible Care (www.americanchemistry.com) in the chemicals industry. At the sectoral level, carbonated drinks in the UK are responsible for over 1.5 million tonnes of CO2e emissions per year. With a more extensive and rigorous follow-up implementation of voluntary codes they may at some future time take their place among the formal groups of management instruments accepted by society at large. Recently, Amienyo et al. In their view, packaging makes a valuable contribution to economic, environmental, and social sustainability through protecting products, preventing waste, enabling efficient business conduct, and providing consumers with the benefits of the products it contains. The metrics used for the measurement of sustainability are evolving and include indicators, benchmarks, standards, and certification systems. First, package design, development, and improvement all benefit from having LCA results available, which can help identify where significant resource use, wastes, and emissions occur, and thus suggest where significant changes or improvements can be made. MEAs can be used as environmental management tools and can apply and strengthen management approaches like the Protected Areas Frameworks, National Adaptation Programs of Action, and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Section D). The study followed the ISO 14040/44 LCA methodology. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The group of assessment tools was mentioned earlier, and is most closely associated with traditional views of environmental action because they deal explicitly with environmental information.
The impacts of beer packaging were similar to the impacts of beer production and these were the highest impact stages in the life cycle of beer. Sustainable business practices integrate environmental concerns with social and economic ones. ), boron (boric acids, borates, carboranes, etc. ), nitrogen (melamine and derivatives), metal hydroxides (aluminum and magnesium hydroxides), and nanomaterials. A review of environmental management tools was published by UNEP in 1995 (Hawken 2003), and while no longer complete in some respects, it still provides a good background overview. Several upstream action tools are much more management focused, such as environmental (life-cycle) supply-chain management, product service systems, green procurement and so on.
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