To evaluate the associations between fish oil supplementation (before and during pregnancy) and any fail on the ASQ domains, generalized linear mixed models with a logit link function were used to estimate 95% confidence intervals (CI) and odds ratios (OR). All infants with birth certificates indicating conception by way of infertility treatment were recruited to participate in the study. Hauser RM. Given that pregnant women are advised to increase n-3 PUFA intake to aid fetal brain development while concurrently restricting fish and seafood consumption, our findings demonstrate the potential value of fish oil supplementation as an alternate source of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy. First, the accumulation of n-3 PUFA within the cell membranes may result in enhanced information processing speed which would thus lead to improved problem solving. Clandinin MT, Chappell JE, Leong S, Heim T, Swyer PR, Chance GW. It is likely that the observed positive cognitive impacts of n-3 PUFA supplementation in aged populations occur through the same pathways as during the early stages of life. In total, the analyses encompassed 4843 mother-child pairs with baseline characteristics displayed in Table 1. Similar effects on problem solving were apparent in singleton, but not twin, children. Campoy C, Escolano-Margarit MV, Ramos R, Parrilla-Roure M, Csbi G, Beyer J, et al. Maternal Fish Oil Supplementation Affects the Social Behavior, Brain Fatty Acid Profile, and Sickness Response of Piglets. Lassek WD, Gaulin SJ. Torres-Espinola FJ, Berglund SK, Garca-Valds LM, Segura MT, Jerez A, Campos D, et al. Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trial. Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Buck Louis GM, Hediger ML, Bell EM, Kus CA, Sundaram R, McLain AC, et al. (54) Models in geriatric animals suggest that fish oil supplementation may play a neuroprotective role in aging by increasing neurogenesis in the hippocampus and reversing changes in retinoid receptors. A separate question queried if fish oil supplementation was taken more than one time per week during pregnancy. Colombo J, Kannass KN, Shaddy DJ, Kundurthi S, Maikranz JM, Anderson CJ, et al. Self-reported prenatal fish oil supplementation data was available for 5,845 children (3807 singletons and 2038 twins). At multiple time points, from 4 months to 3 years of age, child development was reported by the parents on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). At 4 months postpartum, mothers indicated (yes/no) if they had regularly consumed (> 1 time per week) numerous vitamins and dietary supplements (e.g., multivitamins, iron) throughout pregnancy. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Makrides M, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, Yelland L, Quinlivan J, Ryan P, et al. Suganuma H, Arai Y, Kitamura Y, Hayashi M, Okumura A, Shimizu T. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid-enriched diet prevents neonatal brain injury. When trying to separate the effects of supplementation before pregnancy from during pregnancy, we still observed a protective association between supplementation and the risk of failing the problem solving domain (problem solving ORs: 0.68 before only and 0.80 during only). Independent of dietary intake, females typically have greater blood lipid concentrations of DHA than males. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. Judge MP, Cong X, Harel O, Courville AB, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a 12 year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Takeuchi T, Fukumoto Y, Harada E. Influence of a dietary n-3 fatty acid deficiency on the cerebral catecholamine contents, EEG and learning ability in rat. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. The Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Yao JK, Conklin SM, Manuck SB. Fetal undernutrition and disease in later life. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, et al. Morse NL. This study examines the associations between fish oil supplementation both before pregnancy and throughout pregnancy and subsequent child development. Gould JF, Smithers LG, Makrides M. The effect of maternal omega-3 (n-3) LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy on early childhood cognitive and visual development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (18) Observational studies have found that cord blood n-3 PUFA concentrations are associated with improved language, cognitive, visual motor(19) and memory skills(20) among children aged 11 months through 12 years suggesting that prenatal n-3 PUFA intake is of importance with effects potentially spanning many years (21). Five developmental domains were assessed: fine motor, gross motor, communication, personal-social and problem solving. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. (8) Due to maternal dietary limitations and environmental health concerns, fish oil supplementation may be consumed as a substantial source of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy(17). (15) Therefore, fetal intake is largely dependent on maternal nutrition(16), with the richest sources of DHA and EPA naturally present in seafood and fish. Randomized controlled trial of maternal omega-3 long-chain PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood development of attention, working memory, and inhibitory control. Catena A, Muoz-Machicao JA, Torres-Espnola FJ, Martnez-Zaldvar C, Diaz-Piedra C, Gil A, et al. The five domains were viewed as independent hypotheses since in clinical practice they are informative of distinct and tailored interventions and no corrections for multiple comparisons were made; therefore, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid feeding protects against impairment of learning and memory and oxidative stress in prenatally stressed rats: possible role of neuronal mitochondria metabolism. (24) Several randomized controlled trials of fish oil during pregnancy have described beneficial associations among maternal supplementation and child outcomes such as: hand and eye coordination(17), problem solving skills(25), and neurologic development. (33) Additionally, to further investigate temporal relationships, an interaction term between the time of the ASQ and fish oil supplementation status was tested in all models. (57) In humans, increased fish consumption and n-3 PUFA intake has been associated with a decreased risk of developing Alzheimers disease (58), although this association is not unanimously supported (59). Sedlmeier EM, Brunner S, Much D, Pagel P, Ulbrich SE, Meyer HH, et al. Drover J, Hoffman DR, Castaeda YS, Morale SE, Birch EE. A recent randomized controlled trial did not find any evidence supporting the long-term beneficial impacts of prenatal fish oil supplementation on child attention (48). Maternal baseline characteristics by fish oil supplementation status. 1Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 2Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA, 3Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. In addition, we investigate any divergences in these impacts among singletons and twins. The sociodemographic, nutritional, and infant characteristics of mother-child pairs relative to fish oil supplementation status were compared using the chi-squared test and independent sample t tests. Low-level prenatal exposure to nicotine and infant neurobehavior. Furthermore, while intermittent interactions were also observed at 30 months with fine motor and overall fails, no other interactions were detected at additional time points. The elements of each questionnaire were scored as follows: yes = 10 points, sometimes = 5 points, not yet = 0 points. (4) While many studies have focused on the impact of n-3 PUFA on the development of brain regions such as the frontal lobe in school-aged children, our study shows that the beneficial association is present early in life, specifically in children 3 years and younger.

It is widely accepted that the intrauterine environment not only plays a pivotal role in fetal development but has the potential to cause lasting health effects in offspring. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition throughout the Lifespan. Gender differences in the n-3 fatty acid content of tissues. While our study did not detect an effect on gross motor function, the ASQ may not be sensitive enough to capture these subtle variations. Mothers who took fish oil supplementation were more likely to be older, Non-Hispanic White, married, possess an advanced degree, have lower pre-pregnancy BMIs, use fertility treatment, and have private insurance. Learn more Another potential explanation is that DHA promotes neurite growth within the hippocampus and accumulates rapidly in the fetal brain at the same time as critical myelination and synaptogenesis. (66) A study of the human placental transcriptome discovered that maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy is associated with more pronounced placental gene expression in females compared to males. Maternal Obesity, Overweight and Gestational Diabetes Affect the Offspring Neurodevelopment at 6 and 18 Months of Age A Follow Up from the PREOBE Cohort. WHO. Similarly, associations were primarily among singletons. Umhau JC, Zhou W, Carson RE, Rapoport SI, Polozova A, Demar J, et al. This study aims to examine the association between maternal fish oil supplementation and subsequent child developmental capabilities up to 3 years of age. Gow RV, Hibbeln JR. Omega-3 fatty acid and nutrient deficits in adverse neurodevelopment and childhood behaviors. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the impact of prenatal n-3 PUFA supplementation on the neurodevelopment of twins. Omega-3 Fatty acids and pregnancy. Effects of prenatal fish-oil and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate supplementation on cognitive development of children at 6.5 y of age. It has been demonstrated that while singleton newborns have higher mean erythrocyte DHA concentrations than their mothers at the time of birth, twins have lower levels suggesting fetal insufficiencies. about navigating our updated article layout. Diau GY, Hsieh AT, Sarkadi-Nagy EA, Wijendran V, Nathanielsz PW, Brenna JT. The new PMC design is here! Infant characteristics such as plurality and gender were collected from birth records and an infant questionnaire at 4 months. The Upstate KIDS Study is a population-based birth cohort in New York State (excluding the five New York City boroughs) originally designed to examine the impact of infertility treatment on child growth and development. After adjustment for sociodemographic and maternal lifestyle factors (Model 2), the risk of failing the problem solving domain remained significantly lower among those who supplemented with fish oil before pregnancy (OR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18 0.89) and during pregnancy (OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22 0.83). (70, 80). McNamara RK, Carlson SE. (65) Therefore, fish oil supplementation, typically free from contaminants found in fish and seafood, may be a valuable alternative source of n-3 PUFA. Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA. and transmitted securely. Ages & Stages Questionnaires [R], (ASQ-3 [TM]): A Parent-Completed Child-Monitoring System. The same mothers were less likely to smoke during pregnancy when compared to those who did not consume fish oil supplements. Escolano-Margarit MV, Ramos R, Beyer J, Csbi G, Parrilla-Roure M, Cruz F, et al. Lauritzen L, Hansen HS, Jrgensen MH, Michaelsen KF. Mothers were asked (yes/no) if they took fish oil (n-3 PUFA) more than once per week in the 12 months preceding pregnancy. (75) Our study identified significant interactions with problem solving at 30 and 36 months and in utero supplementation status; however, this relationship may be attributed to more appreciable problem solving skills at older ages. Due to the inconsistencies of the interactions, our study does not present strong evidence regarding the temporality of the neurologic associations. The site is secure. Regardless of the means of conception, all multiple births were recruited. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Cowan N. Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development, Learning, and Education. Baseline data on maternal usage (yes/no) of rare supplements during pregnancy (echinacea, ginkgo biloba, kava kava, and St. Johns wort) were combined due to rarity when we evaluated their association with the ASQ outcomes. Mother-child pairs were excluded from this analysis if the maternal questionnaire, which captured self-reported exposure information, was not completed. At four months postpartum, mothers completed a self-administered questionnaire which inquired about their prior pregnancy with the participating child. Bobiski R, Mikulska M. The ins and outs of maternal-fetal fatty acid metabolism. However, in gender stratified analyses, the risk of failing both the problem solving (OR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03 0.95) and the personal-social (OR 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12 0.95) domains were significantly lower among girls whose mothers used fish oil supplementation but not in boys (OR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.301.36), when adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Luchtman DW, Song C. Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. The frequencies of domain failures by supplementation group are presented in Supplemental Table 1.

Gollenberg AL, Lynch CD, Jackson LW, McGuinness BM, Msall ME. (34, 36).

Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Karr JE, Alexander JE, Winningham RG. Although the evidence is inconsistent (29), prenatal fish oil supplementation has been associated with modest improvements in gross motor function. Three randomized controlled trials of early long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acid supplementation on means-end problem solving in 9-month-olds. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments childrens IQ at 4 years of age. Schlotz W, Phillips DI. (26, 27) Additionally, research indicates that the effects of DHA on the developing brain may be impacted by gender and genotype (21). (49) Previous research demonstrates that motor development may be indicative of later in life cognitive skills(50); therefore, it is possible that problem solving enhancements may be mediated by heightened gross motor abilities. J Dev Orig Health Dis. PMC legacy view Tuzun F, Kumral A, Ozbal S, Dilek M, Tugyan K, Duman N, et al. Imaging incorporation of circulating docosahexaenoic acid into the human brain using positron emission tomography. Dyall SC, Michael GJ, Michael-Titus AT. In utero exposure to omega-3 fatty acids is exclusively dependent on maternal nutrition. Vital records in combination with self-reported information (where missing) provided demographic data on maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational achievement, marital status, and health insurance status.

(74) A recent prospective cohort identified a temporary increase in child neurodevelopment followed by an accelerated decline in these skills among children born to obese mothers, suggesting a dynamic temporal association. (12) DHA and EPA enter fetal circulation through simple diffusion across the placenta driven by a concentration gradient. Furthermore, our findings suggest that female children experienced the greatest benefit from maternal supplementation with lower risks of personal-social and problem solving deficits significantly correlated to prenatal fish oil exposure. Concurrent validity of the parent-completed Ages and Stages Questionnaires, 2nd Ed. A higher percentage of children in the no fish oil group tended to fail than the fish oil group. (62) With the transition of corn and grain based livestock feeds, animals have become n-3 deficient and thus, our meat sources lack n-3 PUFA as well. Sensitivity analyses included several independent models. (15) Preformed n-3 PUFA, directly obtained through diet, accumulates more readily than those derived from precursor acids due to enhanced bioavailability. Reversibility of n-3 fatty acid deficiency-induced alterations of learning behavior in the rat: level of n-6 fatty acids as another critical factor. Previous studies have suggested that prenatal fish oil supplementation has positive impacts on child neurodevelopment later in life. No Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognition and Mood in Individuals with Cognitive Impairment and Probable Alzheimers Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. This study faced some limitations. (1, 2) Maternal nutrition has a substantial influence on offspring neurodevelopment during early life due to increased fetal metabolic requirements and neurologic vulnerabilities. Stonehouse W. Does consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA enhance cognitive performance in healthy school-aged children and throughout adulthood? In all of the models, the mother-child pairs who did not consume supplementation were the reference group. (46, 47) Nonetheless, these findings are contested (56). We also assessed the relationship among the mothers who indicated supplementing throughout both time points and ASQ fails. Gender interaction was not statistically significant although stratified results indicated stronger associations among girls. Specifically, it is associated with a lower risk of failing the problem solving domain up to 3 years of age. flaxseed ranks Koletzko B, Larqu E, Demmelmair H. Placental transfer of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). A literature review. Additionally, females have a greater capacity to convert ALA into EPA and DHA than males. Yolton K, Khoury J, Xu Y, Succop P, Lanphear B, Bernert JT, et al. Health information including parental body mass index (BMI), parity, and maternal smoking history was obtained from the baseline questionnaire. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). (4) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the two most biologically active n-3 PUFAs(8), are nutrients vital for optimal growth and development during the fetal and early postnatal stages of life.

Due to the potential differences in neurodevelopment, stratified analyses were conducted by gender and plurality. No differences were observed for child gender. For the analyses, fish consumption was treated as a dichotomous covariate (0 servings of fish eaten per week or > 0 servings of fish eaten per week) due to few mothers eating multiple servings per week. Supporting the criticality of the in utero exposure time point, prenatal n-3 PUFA deficiencies have been strongly linked with decrements in cognitive function and neurodevelopment. Human placental transcriptome shows sexually dimorphic gene expression and responsiveness to maternal dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention during pregnancy. National Library of Medicine (4, 5). Prenatal fish oil supplementation may be beneficial in regards to neurodevelopment. The parents engaged in different activities with their children and then responded to questions on the ASQ rating their childs skills. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The cognitive cost of being a twin: evidence from comparisons within families in the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study. Omega-3 fatty acids reverse age-related decreases in nuclear receptors and increase neurogenesis in old rats. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) while adjusting for covariates. emzor 1000mg omega yaoota ngn



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