* statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), ** highly statistically significant differences (p < 0.01). Some research has shown that yield reduction varies widely depending on species, with higher yield reduction in maize (39.3%) compared to wheat (20.6%), at approximately 40% water reduction [3]. The use of the preparation resulted in a decrease in the Ec value in the treated plants, indicating a slowdown in plant respiration. Our study is in agreement with previous studies that observed that assimilation, transfer and use of light energy decreased in maize varieties under drought conditions. Such restrictions can involve an inhibition or damage to the biochemical metabolism and photochemical reactions (PSII activity) [71,72,73]. The application of the preparation led to a higher Ek value observed after the regeneration of plants (Table 3). In this work, we did not focus on the reduction of yield due to drought stress but were more interested in plant protection and the preservation of productivity under drought stress. Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis from molecular mechanisms to the field, Differential inhibition of photosynthesis during pre-flowering drought stress in Sorghum bicolor genotypes with different senescence traits, Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence in maize plants with imposed rapid dehydration at different leaf ages, Comparison of the drought stress responses of tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars during grain filling: changes in flag leaf photosynthetic activity, ABA levels, and grain yield, Gas exchange measurements, what they can tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? The application of the preparation caused an increase in the Yield parameter value, which was observed on the third day after application. Bertelsen JR, Neergaard ED, Smedegaard-Petersen V. Fungicidal effects of azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole on phyllosphere fungi, senescence and yield of winter wheat, Water stress. The use of biostimulators has been shown to reduce crop yield loss and improve both crop yield and quality. It has been shown that they change metabolism pathways and regulate phytohormonal levels to overcome stress. This was true for both the Ambrosini and KWS 1325 plants. Furthermore, the parameter A and gs values were 2.1 times higher for the Ambrosini plants than for the KWS 1325 plants. The KWS 1325 plant variety exhibited a greater increase than the Ambrosini variety. The Ambrosini plants exhibited defensive reactions to stress as early as 48 hours after spraying with the preparation despite showing no real stress effects. Before Often, however, a defensive response comes too late, and it is difficult to replace yield losses. [43] reported that water stress induced through, during and after the flowering phases decreased corn yield by 21%, 5%, 25%, respectively, in comparison to control plants. Hazem M. Kalaji is employed by White Hill Company. During continuous drought, plants attempt to protect themselves against transpiration by closing their stomata [56]. Then, in order to trace their regeneration, the plants were irrigated again in the same way as at the beginning of the experiment. Distinct roles of electric and hydraulic signals on the reaction of leaf gas exchange upon re-irrigation in Zea mays L, The Effect of the Interaction between Genotypes and Drought Stress on the Superoxide Dismutase and Chlorophyll Content in Durum Wheat Landraces, Effect of Drought Stress on Leaf Chlorophyll in Corn Cultivars (Zea mays), Bioregulatory effects of the fungicidal strobilurin kresoxim methyl in wheat (Triticum aestivum). It is suggested that an increase in the photosynthetic period increases the quantity of assimilate available for grain filling. Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses. All measurements were conducted for each of the plants on the same day and the order of replication was maintained. In the KWS 1325 plants, no significant difference in A was observed during drought stress in the preparation-treated plants when compared to the control groups. The mode of action of the preparation used here is preventative, so the strobilurin fungicide group are called new generation fungicides with a broad spectrum of activity. This may have been associated by an early switching on of the defence mechanisms of the plants in order to prepare them for future stress. However, this method is difficult to apply on a large scale due to economic reasons. In this case, plants need to undergo an acclimation process [23]. The application of the preparation stimulated synthesis of chlorophyll in the leaves. Under control conditions, the regenerated Ambrosini plants produced 1.12 g (4.9%) more dry matter and 2.48 g (51.6%) more maize cob buds than the KWS 1325 plants. The OS5p Modulated Fluorometer is a multipurpose portable instrument designed to precisely measure chlorophyll fluorescence (OS5p Users Guide). The sprayed plants contained 14.3% (drought stress) and 6.1% (after regeneration) more chlorophyll than the control plants (Table 2). In both varieties, the use of the preparation increased respiration rates, although the increase in respiration in the Ambrosini plants was observed to be much higher. The pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole preparation increased stomatal conductance and photosynthesis intensity in the Ambrosini plants. Then, 5 maize kernels were laid on the soil and covered with a new layer of soil. about navigating our updated article layout. Such factors include extreme temperature and drought, or chemical factors, such as salinity or even environmental pollution [9,10]. The height of Ambrosini plants (both in the control and treatment) was greater than the height of the KWS 1325 plants. government site. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants. Recent studies have shown that chlorophyll fluorescence together with photosynthesis can better explain the differentiation that occurs in maize varieties. Anyamba A, Small JL, Britch SC, Tucker CJ, Pak EW, Reynolds CA, et al. White Hill Company provided support in the form of salary for author MHK, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Timing of azoxystrobin + propiconazole application on maize to control northern corn leaf blight and maximize grain yield, Physiological effects of azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole on senescence and the oxidative status of wheat, Effect on the ultrastructure of chloroplast in maize seedings under salt stress. Currently, abiotic stress still limits plant yield even in the most technologically advanced farms. Venancio WS, Rodrigues MAT, Begliomini E, Souza NL. Single- cross hybrid KWS 1325 with the class of earliness FAO 230 is suitable for grain, according to Polish post-registration Research Centre for Cultivar Testing experiments (20112014) yielded 12.1 t/ha of dry grain (14% H2O) with moisture content during harvesting 26.2%. The application of the preparation to the KWS 1325 plants led to an increase in the height of the plants. Physiological and molecular responses of Aeluropus lagopoides (, Stefania Evaluation of chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters as indicators of drought tolerance in barley, Differential sensitivity of C 3 and C 4 plants to water deficit stress: association with oxidative stress and antioxidants, Tolerance of photosynthesis to photoinhibition, high temperature and drought stress in flag leaves of wheat: a comparison between a hybridization line and its parents grown under field conditions, Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery, Understanding plant responses to drought-from genes to the whole plant.Functional, Cold, salinity and drought stresses. The differences between the varieties were statistically insignificant (p = 0.5828) until the plants were introduced into a state of stress. Commonly, it has been shown that it is more difficult for maize to survive stress that occurs in late developmental stages (pollination and the grain filling stage), and which is associated with major losses of crop yield. The observed positive reaction of plants after the use of the preparation continued until the end of the experiments (Table 2). Plant photosynthetic efficiency (ETR and Yield parameters) during drought stress and after regeneration was significantly higher in treated plants than in the controls. The saturation source was a 35W halogen lamp. The use of the preparation increased gs and the intensity of photosynthesis in the Ambrosini plants. Thus, wheat treated with pyraclostrobin in some experiments showed a doubling of enzymatic activity, and as a result the plants become more tolerant to stress. This was shown by a significantly lower Ek value. Triple-cross hybrid Ambrosini with the class of earliness FAO 220 is suitable for silage and grain, in 20112014 yielded 11.8 t/ha of grain (14% H2O), and moisture content during harvesting 25.9%. Run 13) in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy at the University of Life Sciences in Poznan in 20132014 (Table 1). The stomata in the Ambrosini plants were opened more widely. The Ambrosini plants subjected to the protective treatment with the preparation endured drought stress better than the KWS 1325 plants. Stoyanov I. Proc. Experimental variant heatmap with cluster analyses were performed to analyse similarities between plant photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. 8600 Rockville Pike To date, studies have showed a decrease in gs in all plants under stress conditions, although no difference has been observed between hybrids [76]. The plant development phase of maize is strictly dependent on the reaction of plants to drought stress. The saturation pulse is a short pulse of intense light to fully reduce Photosystem II (PSII) in a leaf. Other studies have confirmed that following stress induced by moisture deficits in soils, plants close the stomata in the leaves, decrease rates of net CO2 uptake and adjust their metabolic processes [23,53]. The preparation was applied to KWS 1325 (conventional) and Ambrosini (stay-green) varieties at the recommended dose, three times in greenhouse conditions. One possibility to deal with the effect of drought stress is to reduce the negative impact of water deficiency through the use of biostimulators, which support plant tolerance during stress in the vegetative period. Settings for the fluorometer protocols were selected in accordance with the manufacturers instructions (OS5p User Guide). The mechanism described above protected the plants subjected to drought stress to some extent. Baker and Bowyer [70] indicated that alterations in PSII activity under water stress are related to photoinhibition rather than to any direct damage to PSII. For the KWS 1325 plants, the increase was 0.93 g per plant, respectively. This was assessed after application of the preparation and regeneration of the Ambrosini plants. The inhibition of photosynthesis is known as the first physiological result of drought stress [50]. The measurement was carried out on plants protected with the preparation during the drought stress phase. The Ambrosini plants were taller and accumulated more dry matter, especially in their cob buds, when compared with the KWS 1325 plants. The mechanisms of dissipation and photoprotection in the two maize varieties in our study were different. The use of pyraclostrobin in combination with epoxiconazole three days before inducing drought stress improved the efficiency of photosynthesis in the tested maize varieties. The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis In: Smirnoff N, editor. Khalili M, Naghavi MR, Aboughadareh AP, et al. A reduction in abiotic stress is often very difficult to achieve and biostimulators could play a crucial role in this regard. Effects of drought stress on yield and yield components in maize cultivars (Zea mays L.), Response of maize single cross -10 to water deficits during silking and grain filling stages, Study effect drought stress and different levels potassium fertilizer on K accumulation in corn, Effect of potassium fertilizer on corn yield (Jeta cv.) Procedures and sources of error, Use of chlorophyll fluorescence assessments to differentiate corn hybrid response to variable water conditions. Moreover, the highest values of gs, A and E were found in the first measurement before stress was induced in KWS 1325on control and with the use of preparation. In the first measurement, the CCI value of the Ambrosini leaves was 7.6% higher (16.05) than in the KWS 1325 (14.91) leaves. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Regeneration after drought stress increased the difference by up to 26.9%. In KWS 1325, those parameters tended to remain higher than values observed before the start of the experiment. The gain setting in the Fv/Fm Protocol was set at position 2 and at 5 in the Yield Protocol. Two varieties of maize were subjected to drought stress. Afr. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland, 2 Drought stress was induced in the 12/13 leaf stage on the third day after spraying (5 days from the start of the measurement). Photosynthetic rate (A) of single leaves was measured on the first fully mature leaf during the elongation stage using a portable photosynthesis system LCpro-SD (ADC BioScientific Ltd., UK) with a narrow leaf chamber (area: 5.8 cm2). Furthermore, the authors indicated that using pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole at the recommended dose did not cause toxic effects [59]. During the measurements to construct light response curves, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1500, 1000, 700, 400, 200, 100, 50, and 0 mol m-2 s-1, adjusted automatically by a red-blue light-emitting diode (LED) light source (LCP Narrow Lamp, ADC BioScientific Ltd., UK). Khle et al. Notably, the regeneration process was strongly enhanced by the use of the preparation in those plants. under drought stress condition, Evaluation of drought stress effects on yield components and seed yield of three maize cultivars (, Effect of Fungicide on Soybean Growth and Yield, Foliar Boron and Pyraclostrobin Effects on Corn Yield, The impact of a fungicide and an insecticide on soybean growth, yield, and profitability, Effect of Fungicide Application and Cultivar on Soybean Green Stem Disorder. In turn, this leads to a reduction in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is particularly important under stress conditions. After a period of regeneration, the varietal differences expressed by Yield and ETR were statistically insignificant (p = 0.8577) (Table 2). Malepszy S, Przybecki Z, Kowalczuk C, Filipecki M. Sekwencjonowanie genomw staje si nowym skadnikiem postpu w hodowli rolin, Reaction of spring wheat to the application of bio-stimulators and soil absorbents, Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering. Chaves et al. Pelah D, Wang W, Altman A, Shoseyov O, Bartels D. Differential accumulation of water stress-related proteins, sucrose synthase and soluble sugars in Populus species that differ in their water stress response. PE = (Pmax*E) /(Km+E), where PE is the photosynthetic rate at any irradiance E, E is the spectral irradiance (in mol m-2 s-1), and Km is the half saturation constant (Ek) when PE = Pmax/2. Most plant species, including maize, can defend themselves, adapt to adverse conditions, at least in part to avoid the impact of a stressor. Bulg, Photochemical and antioxidant responses in the leaves of Xerophyta viscosa Baker and Digitaria sanguinalis L. under water deficit. During the initial measurement, the stay-green Ambrosini plant showed a significantly higher quantum yield of photochemical reaction (Yield) and ETR values than the KWS 1325 variety (Table 2, Fig 1). It has been shown in many studies that biostimulators are able to alleviate the negative effects caused by climatic stress factors. However, there is a paucity of information as to how some of the new generation fungicides act in stimulating grain yield in plants under abiotic stress, especially drought. [, Effects of a triazolic fungicide on maize plant metabolism: modifications of transcript abundance in resistance-related pathways. Water deficit during these periods can lead to a severe loss in maize yield and its components. A similar plant was left in each pot after thinning. Currently, it has been shown that some biostimulators can protect plants from stress by increasing the energy production of plants, accelerating cytoplasm flow in cells and tissues, stabilising the products of biochemical reactions, and maximising the effectiveness of natural hormone synthesis [12,13]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In the test, the source of modulated red light (660 nm) was used. The first-order factor was the variety of the maize plant: KWS 1325 (conventional) and Ambrosini (stay-green). The .gov means its official. After the experiment, the dry matter weight of both varieties and the buds of the Ambrosini cobs increased by 1.04 g per plant, respectively. Similar reactions were not observed in the KWS 1325 plants. This study revealed varietal differences in the response to drought stress, which is consistent with the results obtained by Liu et al. The It is important that the intensity of the measuring light is set sufficiently high to induce a fluorescence signal appropriate for photosynthetic yield measurements in light adapted samples. As such, the regeneration process was promoted to some extent as those plants were less stressed. However, studies indicate that the reaction of a plant to drought stress differs depending on the scale of the damage, the period of time that the stress occurs, the phenological stage, or the genetic background of the plant [28]. The influence of ABA on water relation, photosynthesis parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence under drought conditions in two maize hybrids with contrasting drought resistance, Electrical signalling and gas exchange in maize plants of drying soil. In this study, both varieties were protected by the preparation, but differed in their reaction to drought stress. Swoboda and Pedersen [46] also reported that growth of soybean was enhanced by a foliar spray of pyraclostrobin. When there is a short period between the application of a particular substance and the occurrence of stress, it is often connected to a positive response from the plants. Parameters: Quantum Yield of PSII (Y), Electron Transport Rate (ETR), Stomatal conductance of H2O (gs; mmol m-2 s-1), Transpiration rate (E; mmol m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), Photosynthetic rate (A; mol CO2 m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), Measurements: 1- first measurement, 2- spraying, 3- drought stress, 4- regeneration. Careers, United Arab Emirates University, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.

Consequently, plants need an enormous amount of water for growth [66], which can be compared to the amount of CO2 absorbed on a molar basis, although the amount of water transpired from leaves through their stomata was 5001000 times higher [67]. Modern phenotypes of cereals for growing in areas endangered with drought. The help of Dominika Radzikowska MSc with the greenhouse trial and measurements is kindly acknowledged. Yet, when it is applied a long time after negative environmental conditions, a slight effect, or even a lack of effect may be observed [14]. In contrast to the beginning of the experiment, plants contained a higher concentration of chlorophyll after drought. As strobilurin fungicides cause the photosynthetic active leaf area to stay green for longer, this may be the main factor in increased yields [65]. The increased concentration of intracellular CO2 suggests greater respiration rates and thus a greater consumption of energy and could explain why the dry matter content of the Ambrosini plants was lower after regeneration.

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